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The rock cycle
Starter: Guess the title of today’s lesson?
Explain what you see You will see 4 diagrams on the board. Analyse the diagram for 15 seconds before explaining to the person next to you what the diagram is showing. • Tree life cycle Different views of the moon Cycle of a moon • Life cycle of a fly Start Cycle of moods in school New Topic
School • The water cycle TPS – 2mins What do all the pictures you have just seen have in common??
They are all CYCLES.
Write your own definition for a cycle (2 mins)
a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order. Cycles- Key definition A series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order. Rock cycle
The rock cycle
outlines the process that changes one rock type into another. It shows how the materials are recycled over millions of years
They are linked in a
cycle. Different types of Rocks
Properties of rocks
colour, lustre, shape, texture and pattern
Geologists have grouped all rocks into three groups:
• What are sedimentary rocks made from? Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of pieces (clasts) of pre-existing rocks. • What is the sediment made from? Sediment can consist of rocks and minerals, as well as the remains of plants and animals. It can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a boulder. Sediment moves from one place to another through the process of erosion. • Where is the sediment deposited? Pieces of rock are loosened by weathering, then transported to some basin or depression where sediment is trapped. If the sediment is buried deeply, it becomes compacted and cemented, forming sedimentary rock We will be making sedimentary rocks. You will need: • Plastic beaker or cup • White and brown breadcrumbs • No more than 4 raisins Method 1. You will need to collect the equipment (you will have to share the bread crumbs with others) 2. Deposit a layer of bread crumbs on the bottom of the container 3. Then repeat with another colour bread crumb 4. You may add some raisons 5. Every few layers you will need to gently squash and ‘cement’ the sediment together 6. When you have made several layers, turn the container upside down and tap to release your new rock Evaluating the Model • What did the raisin represent? • Do you think tightly or loosely compacted sediment is better for buildings? • Do you think small or large sediment is the strongest? • Would using actual sand be better or worse? Metamorphic rocks start out as either IGNEOUS rocks or as SEDIMENTARY rocks.
These rocks are CHANGED by
massive PRESSURES or by HEAT. Earth movements can cause rocks to be deeply buried or squeezed together.
As a result, the rocks are
heated and put under great pressure.
The rocks do not melt, but
the minerals they contain are changed chemically, forming metamorphic rocks. Some metamorphic rocks are formed under pressure. When a metamorphic rock is formed under pressure, its crystals become arranged in layers. Slate, which is formed from shale, is like this.
Marble is another example of a metamorphic rock. It is
formed from limestone. Starting rock Metamorphic rock Sandstone
Quartzite
Shale
Slate Metamorphic rocks are usually made up of bands or of layers. The layers are sometimes folded over each other.
This is due to COMPRESSION and FOLDING
of the Earth’s Crust over millions of years Some metamorphic rocks are formed at high temperature. Rocks around the magma are changed into METAMORPHIC ROCK by the extreme heat
Original Rock Metamorphic Rock
LIMESTONE MARBLE
SANDSTONE QUARTZITE
SHALE SLATE Task 1 Complete the worksheet..
You have only five minutes
for this task.
5 minutes Weathering and erosion (2 mins) Q. What could cause the rock on the Earth’s surface to break off into smaller pieces (also known as sediment)?? Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition. Chemical weathering breaks down rocks by forming new minerals that are stable at the Earth's surface.
A. Wind, Rain, Human activity, Freeze-Thaw
Extension: What is the difference between Lava and Magma? Scientists use the term magma for molten rock that is underground and lava for molten rock that breaks through the Earth's surface. Key terms Magma: Very hot molten rock that is under the ground.
Lava: Very hot molten rock that is not under the
ground.
Volcano: A place where magma, various gasses and/or
ash are coming out of the ground. Deposition, compaction and cementation (3 mins) As the sediment (small pieces of rocks) enter the sea/river, the following 3 stages occur:
1. Deposition-Deposition is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or landmass. Wind, ice, water, and gravity transport previously weathered surface material, which, at the loss of enough kinetic energy in the fluid, is deposited, building up layers of sediment. 2. Compaction- Compaction, in geology, decrease of the volume of a fixed mass of sediment from any cause, commonly from continual sediment deposition at a particular site. 3. Cementation- Cementation, in geology, hardening and welding of clastic sediments (those formed from preexisting rock fragments) by the precipitation of mineral matter in the pore spaces. It is the last stage in the formation of a sedimentary rock. Q. For each stage suggest what is happening. Formation of igneous rocks How are igneous rocks formed? Deep in the ground is molten rock called magma. Sometimes, magma bursts through the surface causing volcanic eruptions.
Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies.
When magma cools above the
surface, extrusive igneous rocks are formed.
When magma cools below the
surface, intrusive igneous magma rocks are formed. Task 1 Use the practical sheet to find out about cooling rates and crystals. You have 20 minutes for this activity. 20 minutes Lava Viscosity is a measure of how thick and gloopy a liquid is.
We describe thick and gloopy liquids as viscous, while thin and runny liquids are less viscous.
Different types of lava have different viscosities.
Task 2 Complete the worksheet.
You have only five minutes
for this task.
5 minutes Deposition, compaction and cementation The sediment reaches a lake or the sea and deposits the broken down rock pieces in layers called sediments, this process is called Deposition… Deposition, compaction and cementation
The weight of the top layers
squeezes the bottom layers, squeezing out water leaving salt crystals, this process is called compaction. The rocks cement together, in a process called cementation. Metamorphic rock- Heat and Pressure Sedimentary rocks are turned into metamorphic rocks by the extreme pressures and temperatures deep within the Earth.
These conditions change the structure of the rocks so that new layers are formed.
more heat heat
pressure more pressure
Mixture of grains Heat and pressure Grains form
in structure compress grains orderly layers And the cycle repeats… extrusive Under extreme heat and pressure the igneous metamorphic rock turns into magma. rock
This can cool above or below ground intrusive
to form different types of igneous igneous rock. rock
magma What rock? 1) What rock is formed from magma or lava? Extrusive igneous rocks form from magma that erupted onto the surface as lava , where it cooled quickly. On the other hand, intrusive igneous rocks form from magma that cooled slowly, deep underground. 2) What rock requires heat and pressure to be formed? Metamorphic rock 3) Suggest what rock can contain complete fossils? Sedimentary rocks 4) Suggest what rock can contain twisted fossils? Metamorphic rocks 5) What rock requires compaction and cementation to be formed? Sedimentary rocks Potential answer 6) What rock can be intrusive or extrusive? Igneous rocks • Sedimentary • Metamorphic • Igneous What rock? 1) Igneous 2) Metamorphic 3) Sedimentary 4) Metamorphic 5) Sedimentary 6) Igneous Summary- Imagine you are a grain of sediment tumbling down the cliff side, in first person explain your journey to becoming igneous rock.
• Describe the changes you undergo
• Use techniques you have learnt in English such as personification and emotive language to describe the conditions that transform the sediment into the 3 different types of rock • Incorporate as many of the key scientific words you have learnt today Summary- Pick a question What are the differences between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks. How can sedimentary rocks become metamorphic ones? Describe how weathering can eventually produce igneous rock.
Challenge: Imagine you are a grain of sediment, in first person explain your journey to becoming igneous rock. The rock cycle • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jP1qbwSGmNs
