Exam 1: Tuesday, Feb 14, 5:00-6:00 PM

Test rooms:
•Instructor Sections Room
•Dr. Hale F, H 104 Physics
•Dr. Kurter B, N 125 BCH
•Dr. Madison K, M 199 Toomey
•Dr. Parris J, L St Pat’s Ballroom*
•Mr. Upshaw A, C, E, G G-3 Schrenk
•Dr. Waddill D 120 BCH
•Special Accommodations Testing Center

*exam 1 only

If at 5:00 on test day you are lost, go to 104 Physics and check the exam
room schedule, then go to the appropriate room and take the exam there.
Today’s agenda:

Capacitors and Capacitance.

You must be able to apply the equation C=Q/V.

Capacitors: parallel plate, cylindrical, spherical.

You must be able to calculate the capacitance of capacitors having these geometries, and
you must be able to use the equation C=Q/V to calculate parameters of capacitors.

Circuits containing capacitors in series and parallel.

You must understand the differences between, and be able to calculate the “equivalent
capacitance” of, capacitors connected in series and parallel.
 Capacitors: the basics

What is a capacitor?

•device for storing charge A

•simplest example: two parallel
E
conducting plates separated by air

V0 d V1

assortment of
capacitors
 Capacitors in circuits
symbol for capacitor (think parallel
plates)
symbol for battery, or external potential
battery voltage V is actually potential difference
+ -
between the terminals
V

• when capacitor is connected to battery, charges flow onto

the plates
- Capacitor plates build
up charges +Q and -Q

conducting wires

+-
- V
• when battery is disconnected, charge remains on plates
 Capacitance

How much charge can a capacitor store?

Better question: How much charge can a capacitor store per

voltage?
Q V is really |V|, the potential
Capacitance: C  difference across the capacitor
V

capacitance C is a device property, it is always positive

unit of C: farad (F)

1 F is a large unit, most capacitors have values of C
ranging from picofarads to microfarads (pF to F).

micro 10-6, nano 10-9, pico 10-12 (Know for exam!)

Today’s agenda:

Capacitors and Capacitance.

You must be able to apply the equation C=Q/V.

Capacitors: parallel plate, cylindrical, spherical.

You must be able to calculate the capacitance of capacitors having these geometries, and
you must be able to use the equation C=Q/V to calculate parameters of capacitors.

Circuits containing capacitors in series and parallel.

You must understand the differences between, and be able to calculate the “equivalent
capacitance” of, capacitors connected in series and parallel.
Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor

electric field between two parallel -Q +Q

charged plates:
 Q E
E  .
0 0 A
Q is magnitude of charge on either plate. V0 d V1
A
potential difference:
 
d d
V  V1  V0    E  d   E  dx  Ed
0 0

Q Q Q 0 A
capacitance: C   
V Ed  Q  d
 d
 0 A 
Parallel plate capacitance depends “only”
on geometry. -Q +Q
0 A
C E
d
This expression is approximate, and must
be modified if the plates are small, or V0 d V1
separated by a medium other than a A
vacuum (lecture 9).

 0 A
C
d
Greek letter Kappa. For today’s lecture (and
for exam 1), use =1.

 is NOT the same as k=9x109!

Capacitance of coaxial cylinder

• capacitors do not have to consist of parallel plates, other

geometries are possible

• capacitor made of two coaxial cylinders:

L
  
b b 2kλ
from Gauss law: E =
ΔV = Vb - Va = -  E  d  = -  E r dr (see lectures 4 and 6) r
a a

b
dr b Gaussian
ΔV = - 2k λ  = - 2k λ ln  
r a surface
a

b
Q λL λL r
C= = =
ΔV ΔV b a
2k λ ln  
a Q
E
L 2πε 0 L
C= = -Q
b b d
2k ln   ln  
a a
C 2πε 0
capacitance per unit length: =
L b
ln  
a
Example application:


coaxial cables, capacitance per length is a

critical part of the specifications. L
Isolated Sphere Capacitance

isolated sphere can be thought of as concentric spheres with

the outer sphere at an infinite distance and zero potential.

We already know the potential outside a conducting sphere:

Q
V .
40 r

The potential at the surface of a charged sphere of radius R is

Q
V
40 R
so the capacitance at the surface of an isolated sphere is
Q
C  4 0 R.
V
Capacitance of Concentric Spheres

If you have to calculate the capacitance of a concentric

spherical capacitor of charge Q…

In between the spheres (Gauss’ Law)

Q b
E
40 r 2 a

+Q
Q b dr Q 1 1 
V 
4 0 
a r 2

4 0  a  b 
-Q

Q 4 0 You need to do this derivation if you have a

C 
V 1 1  problem on spherical capacitors!
 a  b 
Example: calculate the capacitance of a capacitor whose plates
are 20 cm x 3 cm and are separated by a 1.0 mm air gap.

0 A
C
d

C
 8.85  10 12
 0.2  0.03 F
0.001
d = 0.001m
C  53 1012 F area =
0.2m x 0.03m
C  53 pF

If you keep everything in SI (mks) units, the result is “automatically” in SI units.

Example: what is the charge on each plate if the capacitor is
connected to a 12 volt* battery?

0V
Q  CV

Q  53 1012  12  C V= 12V

Q  6.4 1010 C
+12 V

*Remember, it’s the potential difference that matters.

Example: what is the electric field between the plates?

V 0V
E
d

12V V= 12V

E E
0.001 m
d = 0.001
 V
E  12000 ,"up." +12 V
m
Today’s agenda:

Capacitors and Capacitance.

You must be able to apply the equation C=Q/V.

Capacitors: parallel plate, cylindrical, spherical.

You must be able to calculate the capacitance of capacitors having these geometries, and
you must be able to use the equation C=Q/V to calculate parameters of capacitors.

Circuits containing capacitors in series and parallel.

You must understand the differences between, and be able to calculate the “equivalent
capacitance” of, capacitors connected in series and parallel.
Circuits Containing Capacitors in Parallel
Vab
Capacitors connected in parallel:
C1

C2
a b
C3

+ -

V
all three capacitors must have the same potential difference
(voltage drop) Vab = V

General concept: When circuit components are connected in parallel, then

the voltage drops across these components are all the same.
 C1
Q1
+ C2 -
 Q1 = C1 V a
Q2
& Q2 = C2 V C3
Q3
& Q3 = C3 V + -

Imagine replacing the parallel combination of Ceq

a
capacitors by a single equivalent capacitor Q

“equivalent” means “stores the same total

charge if the voltage is the same.” + -

Qtotal = Ceq V = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 Important!

Summarizing the equations on the last slide: C1

Q1 = C1 V Q2 = C2 V Q3 = C3 V a
C2
b
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = Ceq V C3

+ -
Using Q1 = C1V, etc., gives
V
C1V + C2V + C3V = Ceq V

C1 + C2 + C3 = Ceq (after dividing both sides by V)

Generalizing: Ceq = i Ci (capacitances in parallel add up)

Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series
Capacitors connected in series:

C1 C2 C3

+ -
+Q V -Q

charge +Q flows from the battery to the left plate of C 1

charge -Q flows from the battery to the right plate of C 3

(+Q and –Q: the same in magnitude but of opposite sign)
Charges +Q and –Q attract equal and opposite charges to the
other plates of their respective capacitors:
C1 C2 C3
A B
+Q -Q +Q -Q +Q -Q

+ -

V
These equal and opposite charges came from the originally
neutral circuit regions A and B.

Because region A must be neutral, there must be a charge +Q

on the left plate of C2.

Because region B must be neutral, there must be a charge -Q

on the right plate of C2.
 Vab

C1 C2 C3
a A B b
+Q -Q +Q -Q +Q -Q
V1 V2 V3
+ -

The charges on C1, C2, and C3 are the same, and are
Q = C1 V1 Q = C2 V2 Q = C3 V3

The voltage drops across C1, C2, and C3 add up

Vab = V1 + V2 + V3.

General concept: When circuit components are connected in series, then

the voltage drops across these components add up to the total voltage drop.
replace the three capacitors by a single equivalent capacitor

Ceq

+Q -Q
V
+ -

“equivalent” means it has the same charge Q and the same

voltage drop V as the three capacitors

Q = Ceq V
Collecting equations:

Q = C1 V1 Q = C2 V2 Q = C3 V3 Important!

Vab = V = V1 + V2 + V3.

Q = Ceq V
Q Q Q
Substituting for V1, V2, and V3: V= + +
C1 C2 C3

Q Q Q Q
Substituting for V: = + +
C eq C1 C2 C 3

1 1 1 1
Dividing both sides by Q: = + +
C eq C1 C2 C 3
Generalizing:
1 1
OSE: = (capacitors in series)
C eq i Ci
Summary (know for exam!):
Parallel Series
C1
C1 C2 C3
C2

C3

equivalent
capacitance Ceq   Ci 1

1
i Ceq i Ci

charge Q’s add V’s add

voltage same V same Q

Example: determine the
capacitance of a single capacitor
C2
that will have the same effect as
the combination shown. Use C1
C1 = C2 = C3 = C. C3

Start by combining parallel combination of C 2 and C3

C23 = C2 + C3 = C + C = 2C
Now I see a series combination.
C23 = 2C C 1= C
1 1 1
= +
C eq C1 C23

1 1 1 2 1 3
= + = + =
C eq C 2C 2C 2C 2C

2
C eq = C
3
Example: for the capacitor circuit shown, C1 = 3F, C2 = 6F, C3
= 2F, and C4 =4F. (a) Find the equivalent capacitance. (b) if
V=12 V, find the potential difference across C4.

C1 C2 I’ll work this at the blackboard.

C4 Homework Hint: each capacitor has associated
with it a Q, C, and V. If you don’t know what to do
next, near each capacitor, write down Q= , C= ,
and V= . Next to the = sign record the known
C3 value or a “?” if you don’t know the value. As soon
as you know any two of Q, C, and V, you can
determine the third. This technique often provides
visual clues about what to do next.

V
(a) Find Ceq. (b) if V=12 V, find V4.

C1=3F C2=6F
C4=4F C1 and C3 are not in parallel. Make
sure you understand why!

C3=2F
C2 and C4 are not in series. Make
sure you understand why!
V=12 V

C1 and C2 are in series. Make sure you use the correct equation!

1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1
= + = + = + = =
C12 C1 C 2 3 6 6 6 6 2

Don’t forget to invert: C12 = 2 F.

(a) Find Ceq. (b) if V=12 V, find V4.

C12=2F
C4=4F C12 and C4 are not in series. Make
sure you understand why!

C3=2F

V=12 V

C12 and C3 are in parallel. Make sure you use the correct
equation!

C123 = C12 + C 3 = 2 + 2 = 4μF

(a) Find Ceq. (b) if V=12 V, find V4.

C123=4F C4=4F

C123 and C4 are in series. Make

sure you understand why!
Combined, they make give Ceq.
V=12 V

Make sure you use the correct equation!

1 1 1 1 1 2 1
= + = + = =
C eq C123 C 24 4 4 4 2

Don’t forget to invert: Ceq = 2 F.

(a) Find Ceq. (b) if V=12 V, find V4.

Ceq=2F

Ceq = 2 F.

V=12 V

If you see a capacitor circuit on the test, read the problem

first. Don’t go rushing off to calculate Ceq. Sometimes you are
asked to do other things.

Truth in advertising: there’s a high probability you will need to calculate C eq at some point in the problem.
(a) Find Ceq. (b) if V=12 V, find V4.

Q1=? Q2=?
C1=3F C2=6F Q =?
4
V1=? V2=? C =4F Homework Hint: each capacitor has associated
4 with it a Q, C, and V. If you don’t know what to do
V4=? next, near each capacitor, write down Q= , C= ,
and V= . Next to the = sign record the known
value or a “?” if you don’t know the value. As soon
as you know any two of Q, C, and V, you can
Q3=?
determine the third. This technique often provides
C3=2F visual clues about what to do next.
V3=?

V=12 V

We know C4 and want to find V4. If we know Q4 we can

calculate V4. Maybe that is a good way to proceed.
(a) Find Ceq. (b) if V=12 V, find V4.

Q123=? Q4=?
C123=4F C4=4F
V123=? V4=?
C4 is in series with C123 and
together they form Ceq.

Therefore Q4 = Q123 = Qeq.

V=12 V

Qeq = C eq V = 2  12  = 24μC = Q 4

Q Q Q4 24
C=  V=  V4 = = = 6V
V C C4 4
 You really need to know this:

Capacitors in series…
all have the same charge
add the voltages to get the total voltage

Capacitors in parallel…
all have the same voltage
add the charges to get the total charge

(and it would be nice if you could explain why)

 Homework Hint!

C1 C2
What does our text mean by Vab?
C4
a b
Our text’s convention is Vab = Va – Vb.
This is explained on page 759. This is C3
in contrast to Physics 1135 notation,
where Vab = Vb – Va.
V

In the figure on this slide, if Vab = 100 V then point a is at a

potential 100 volts higher than point b, and Vab = -100 V;
there is a 100 volt drop on going from a to b.
A “toy” to play with…

http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/capacitor-lab
(You might even learn something.)

For now, select

“multiple
capacitors.”

Pick a circuit.