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Oop Intro

iNTRODUCTION ABOUT OOP

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Sushma Borkar
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11 views

Oop Intro

iNTRODUCTION ABOUT OOP

Uploaded by

Sushma Borkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 178

Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

Program is created in
Editor Disk the editor and stored
on disk.

• Phases of C++ Preprocessor Disk


Preprocessor program
processes the code.

Programs: Compiler creates


Compiler Disk object code and stores

1. Edit it on disk.

Linker links the object


code with the libraries,
2. Preprocessor Linker Disk
creates a.out and
stores it on disk

3. Compile
Primary
Memory
Loader

4. Link Loader puts program


in memory.

5. Load Disk ..
..
..

6. Execute Primary
Memory
CPU CPU takes each
instruction and
executes it, possibly
storing new data
values as the program
.. executes.
..
..
C++ Programs

• A C++ program is a collection of one or more


subprograms, called functions
• A subprogram or a function is a collection of
statements that, when activated (executed),
accomplishes something
• Every C++ program has a function called main
• The smallest individual unit of a program
written in any language is called a token
Names

• Used to denote language- and programmer-defined elements


within the program

• A valid name is a sequence of


– Letters (upper and lowercase)
– Digits
• A name cannot start with a digit
– Underscores
• A name should not normally start with an underscore

• Names are case sensitive


– MyObject is a different name than MYOBJECT

• There are two kinds of names


– Keywords
– Identifiers
Keywords

• Keywords are words reserved as part of the language -


syntax
Example int, return, float, double

• They cannot be used to name programmer-defined


elements

• They consist of lowercase letters only

• They have special meaning to the compiler


Declarations - Constants and Variables

Constants are data that having unchanging values.

Variables, as their name implies, are data whose values can change
during the course of execution of your program.

For both constants and variables, the name, the data type, and
value must be specified.

Any variable in your program must be defined before it can be used

Data type specifies whether data is integral, real, character or


logical.
Defining Variables

• Variables of the same type can be defined

- On separate lines:

int length;
int width;
unsigned int area;

- On the same line:

int length, width;


unsigned int area;

• Variables of different types must be in different definitions


Declaring Variables

int x; // Declare x to be an
// integer variable;

double radius; // Declare radius to


// be a double variable;

char a; // Declare a to be a
// character variable;
• Variable names correspond to locations in
the computer's memory.
– Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a
value.
– Whenever a new value is placed into a variable, it
replaces the previous value - it is destroyed
– reading variables from memory does not change them
• A visual representation

no1 45
Variable Assignments and Initialization

Assignment

• Uses the = operator


• Has a single variable on the left side and a value (constant,
variable, or expression) on the right side
• Copies (i.e. assigns) the value on the right to the variable on the
left. (An expression is first evaluated)
• Syntax

variable = expression ;
a= 10+20;
item = 12; // constant
Celsius = (Fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9; // expression
y = m * x + b; // expression
Assignment Statement

int NewStudents = 6; NewStudents 6

int OldStudents = 21; OldStudents 21


int TotalStudents; TotalStudents ?

TotalStudents = NewStudents + OldStudents;


Variable Assignments and Initialization

Initialization

• Initialize a variable: assign it a value when it is defined:


int length = 12;
Float Pi=3.14
• Or initialize it later via assignment

• Can initialize some or all variables:


int length = 12, width = 5, area;

• A variable cannot be used before it is defined


Increment and Decrement Operators

The “strange”effects appear when the operators are used in an


assignment statement

Operator Name Description

a=++var pre-increment The value in var is incremented by 1


and this new value of var is assigned to a.

a=var++ post-increment The value in var is assigned to


a and then the value in var is
incremented by 1
Similar effects for the decrement operator

Operator Name Description


a=--var pre-decrement The
value in var is
decremented by 1 and
this new value
of var is
assigned to a.

a=var-- post-decrement The value in var


is
assigned to a and then
the value in var is

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