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Chapter 1: Introduction
William Stallings, Computer Organization and
Architecture. 9th Edition
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Objectives
CLO1 Explain the general functions and structure of a digital computer

 Why should we study this chapter?

 Distinguishing architecture and organization
 What is a hierachical system?
 What are basic computer functions?
 What are main structural components of the computer?
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Contents
CLO1 Explain the general functions and structure of a digital computer

 Definitions
 1.1- Organization and Architecture.
 1.2- Structure and functions
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Definitions
 System: an assemblage of related parts in which there exists an operating
mechanism.

 Hierarchical system: a system in which each part have a level but without a
like or equal

 System structure: A set of related parts in which each part has it’s own
attributes (tính chất) and functions (làm được gì). In structural view, the way
to make it and the way to connect them are not concerned.  Consumer view/
sơ đồ thành phần

 System organization: A set of related and specific parts. In organizational

view, the way to make each part and the way to connect it to others must be
explicit.  producer view/ cấu tạo

 Module is a specific discrete thing/named code/circuit which has it’s own

function to use  component/ linh kiện

 Modularity is the degree to which system's components may be separated

and recombined  Industrial production
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1.1- Computer Organization and Architecture

• Attributes of a system • Instruction set,

visible to the number of bits used to
programmer represent various data
• Have a direct types, I/O
Software view mechanisms,
impact(affect) on the
techniques for
logical execution of a include:
Computer addressing memory
program
attributes
Architecture Architectural

Differences:

include:
Computer
• Hardware details
attributes
Organization
•The operational
Organizational
transparent to the
programmer, control signals, units and their
interfaces between the
Hardware view interconnections that
computer and peripherals, realize the
memory technology used architectural
specifications
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Read by yourself:
IBM System/370 Architecture
 IBM System/370 architecture
 Was introduced in 1970
 Included a number of models
 Could upgrade to a more expensive, faster model without having to abandon
(chối bỏ) original software
 New models are introduced with improved technology, but retain the same
architecture so that the customer’s software investment is protected
 Architecture has survived to this day as the architecture of IBM’s mainframe
product line

 More details: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/370

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1.2- Structure and Function

 Hierarchical system  Structure
 Set of interrelated subsystems  The way in which components
(modules) relate to each other
 Hierarchical nature of complex  Function
systems is essential to both their
 The operation of individual
design and their description
components as part of the
 Designer need only deal with a structure
particular level of the system at a
time
 Concerned with structure and
function at each level
+ Apparatus:
Functions Things
provided as
means to some
ends
 A computercan (peripherals )

perform four basic

functions:

● Data processing
● Data storage
● Data movement
● Control
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Functions: A Demonstration

Program pseudo-code Activities in hardware

Read an integer from Control function is caried out to get a

keyboard and save the value from keyboard (moving data
value to the variable X funtion) then save it to a memory
block, named as X ( storing data
function)

Read an integer from ....

keyboard and save the
value to the variable Y

Z= X + Y ....

Output Z to monitor ....

+ Read by yourself

Operations Peripheral 1 Peripheral 2

(a)
Data movement
+Operations
Read by yourself
External
environment

(b)
Data storage read

write

Building block:
Why data from an
external device can not
move to storage
automatically?
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Operations

(c)
Data movement

Building block: read

Open the Calculator to
compute some numeric
operations. Give your
explanation write
compute
+ Read by yourself

Operations

(d)
Control
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linkages

The
Computer
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1+2

1 + 2
3

Structure
Try to verify

Bus: Lines connect components.

They supply ways to transfer data
between components
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CPU – controls the operation of
the computer and performs its data
There are four processing functions
main structural
components  Main Memory – stores data
of the computer:  I/O – moves data between the
computer and its external
environment

 System Interconnection – some

mechanism that provides for
communication among CPU, main
memory, and I/O
+  Control Unit
CPU  Controls the operation of the CPU and
hence the computer
Major structural
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
components:  Performs the computer’s data processing
function

 Registers
 Provide storage internal to the CPU

 CPU Interconnection
 Some mechanism that provides for
communication among the control unit,
ALU, and registers
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Exercises
(Write your answers to your notebook)

 1.1
What, in general terms, is the distinction between computer
organization and computer architecture?
 1.2What, in general terms, is the distinction between computer
structure and computer function?
 1.3 What are the four main functions of a computer?
 1.4
List and briefly define the main structural components of a
computer.
 1.5
List and briefly define the main structural components of a
processor.
+ Summary
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Introduction

Chapter 1
 Computer Organization
 Structure
 CPU
 Computer Architecture  Main memory
 Function
 I/O
 Data processing
 System interconnection
 Data storage  CPU structural components
 Data movement  Control unit
 Control  ALU
 Registers
 CPU interconnection
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Internet Resources
- Web site for book
 http://WilliamStallings.com/COA/COA9e.html
 Links to sites of interest
 Links to sites for courses that use the book
 Errata list for book
 Information on other books by W. Stallings

 http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html
 Math
 How-to
 Research resources
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