2f

SATOOMRYN
6. Study of celestial bodies

A major influence to the development

of physics
 NESCNTALLT
O0I
7. an area on the celestial sphere in
which a group of
visible stars forms a perceived
pattern or outline, typically
representing an animal,
 WNE NMOO
8. appears only when the
moon is on the side of the
earth most directly in line
with the sun.
 SELPIESC
9. an astronomical event that
occurs when an astronomical
object or spacecraft is temporarily
obscured, by passing into the
shadow of another body or by
having another body pass between
it and the viewer.
 RNUIESEV
10. all of space and time and
their contents, including
planets, stars, galaxies, and all
other forms of matter and
energy.
LESSON 1: ANCIENT
GREEK PHYSICS AND
ASTRONOMY
Science

 Collection of known truths about the

universe that develops and expands
overtime.

 Dynamic and ever changing

Astronomy

 Study of celestial bodies

 A major influence to the development of

physics
Universe

 Where the celestial bodies can be found

 Divided into 2 domains:

1.Celestial Domain
2.Terrestrial Domain
Celestial Domain
 Naked eye observations that led to the
belief that the earth must be round and
not flat.
 Made up of perfect substances called
“ether” and can only move in perfect
motion
 Circular in path and constant in speed
CELESTIAL DOMAIN
 When you look at the night
sky, you will notice that stars
appear to be attached to an
imaginary spherical surface.
 This spherical surface is
known as the celestial
sphere whose center is the
Earth.
CELESTIAL SPHERE
Celestial Domain

Diurnal

Annual
Diurnal Motion
 apparent daily revolution of the celestial
sphere around the celestial poles as a
direct effect of the Earth’s rotation on its
axis

 Causes day and night

Annual Motion
 is the apparent yearly motion of the
stars, including the Sun as seen from the
Earth due to the Earth's revolution
around the Sun.
Annual Motion
 Changes in Seasons

 Changes in Phases of the moon

 Appearance of different stars and

constellations known as the Zodiac.
Why do you think
this patterns are
produced?
In contrast, ancient observers
created many myths and legends
about these stars and planets to
explain the regularity of the the
patterns in the sky.
Terrestrial Domain

 Many Greeks philosophers were

able to formulate many theories
of the sky and of the earth based
on observation of natural
phenomena.
Ancient Greek Philosophers
 Pythagoras (c.570 – c.495 BC)
Ancient Greek Philosophers
 Pythagoras (c.570 – c.495 BC)
- Universe is mathematical
- Mathematics is the best way to express
truth about the universe.
- Sun, Moon, and Earth are spherical
- Placed Earth as the center of the universe
Ancient Greek Philosophers
 Plato (c. 427 – c. 347 BC)
Ancient Greek Philosophers
 Plato (c. 427 – c. 347 BC)
- attainment of perfection as
absence of change.
- mathematical symmetries to
demonstrate perfect shapes.
- celestial spheres being crystalline
contains the moon, sun and the
stars.
Ancient Greek Philosophers
 Eudoxus (of Cnidus, 408 – 355 BC)
Ancient Greek Philosophers
 Eudoxus (of Cnidus, 408 – 355 BC)
- An astronomer named Eudoxus created
the first model of a geocentric universe
around 380 B.C. Eudoxus designed his
model of the universe as a series of
cosmic spheres containing the stars,
the sun, and the moon all built around
the Earth at its center.

Ancient Greek Philosophers
 Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC )
Aristotle, who lived from 384 to 322 BC,
believed the Earth was round. He thought
Earth was the center of the universe and
that the Sun, Moon, planets, and all the
fixed stars revolved around it. Aristotle's
ideas were widely accepted by the Greeks of
his time.
- the center of the Earth
- He was a learner of Plato.
LESSON 2:
THE EARLY UNIVERSE
Astronomical Phenomena Before
the Advent of Telescopes

 You will now try to travel to outer space

by using your imagination to learn about
Astronomy.

 For thousands of years, humans have

looked at the night sky and wondered
about the stars.
Constellations

 The roots of astronomy reach back to

prehistoric times when humans first
noted stars in the night sky.

 The earliest astronomers divided the

night sky into groups of stars called
constellations.
Constellations
 A constellation is an
area on the celestial
sphere in which a group
of visible stars forms a
perceived pattern or
outline, typically
representing an animal,
mythological subject, or
inanimate object
Some Common
Constellations that You
Might Know…
 The Queen
Cassiopeia-It
Cassiopeia-
is easily
recognizable
due to its
distinctive
'W' shape,
formed by
five bright
stars.
 The Hunter
Orion- It is
named after
Orion, a
hunter in
Greek
mythology
Ursa Major- the stars outlined the shape
of a bear walking about on its clawed feet.

The Great Bear

Ursa Minor- this
t is the star at the
very end of the bear's long tail.
The Little Bear
Gemini- The constellation of Gemini
is made up of two twins
The Twins
Andromeda- The constellation
Andromeda is named for the daughter of
Queen Cassiopeia and King Cepheus of
Greek mythology.
The Chained Princess
Andromeda
 Even before the advent of the telescopes,
ancient astronomers were able to
observe the following:

1. Rising and setting of the Sun in the east and the

west, respectively
2. Point where the Sun rises and sets in the horizon
varies in a year
3. Phases of the Moon
4. Lunar Eclipse
5. Solar Eclipse
6. Daily and Annual motion of the stars
7. Planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
Rising and Setting of the Sun
 Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations
used a primitive version of a sundial,
called gnomon, in systematically
observing the motion of the sun.
 Gnomon
 the projecting piece on
a sundial that shows the time by
the position of its shadow.
Phases of the Moon
 New Moon. A new moon appears only when the moon
is on the side of the earth most directly in line with the
sun. There is no illumination on the earth’s side, so it is
also sometimes called the dark moon.
 waxing crescent — a thin curved slice of the
moon.
 First quarter. Half the side of the moon facing the
earth appears illuminated. It rises about noon,
reaches its high point for the day at sundown, and
sets near midnight.
 As the days progress, more than one-half of the
lighted part is seen. This is the waxing gibbous
 New Moon. A new moon appears only when the moon
is on the side of the earth most directly in line with the
sun. There is no illumination on the earth’s side, so it is
also sometimes called the dark moon.
 The face of the moon seen on the earth and a small
–lighted side is seen. This is phase is called the
waxing crescent — a thin curved slice of the moon.
 First quarter. Half the side of the moon facing the earth
appears illuminated. It rises about noon, reaches its
high point for the day at sundown, and sets near
midnight.
 As the days progress, more than one-half of the
lighted part is seen. This is the waxing gibbous
 Full Moon. The whole side of the moon is now illuminated
to viewers from the earth. The full moon rises in the east
as the sun sets in the west.
 The next half of the cycle is the waning part. The lighted
side of the moon from the full moon gets smaller. This
proceeds from the waning gibbous, when more than half
of the moon is lighted.
 Third, or last quarter. Like the first quarter, it is seen
illuminated on half the side facing the earth. The third
quarter moon rises about midnight, is highest at dawn and
sets about noon.
 Next, a little lighted part remains —the waning
crescent. The new moon starts the next cycle.
 Eclipses
 Lunar Eclipse
 The lining up of the
earth, moon, and sun
produces a lunar eclipse
when the moon passes into the shadow of the earth.

 A lunar eclipse may be partial or total. All observers

on the dark side of the earth see a lunar eclipse at
the same time. Interestingly, when the moon is fully
eclipsed, it is still visible and reddish.
 Eclipses
 Solar Eclipse
 A solar eclipse
occurs when the
moon’s shadow falls on the earth

 Because of the large size of the sun, rays of

sunlight taper to provide an umbra and a
surrounding penumbra.