Newtons Laws of Motion

Coin Drop Relay
1. What happened to the coin when the

cardboard is thumped quickly?
2. What do you think could be the reason
why the coin fell into the cup instead of
flying away with the card?
3. In your own words, what is inertia?
INERTIA
Newton’s
Laws of
Motion
I. Law of Inertia
II. F=ma
III. Action-Reaction
While most people know
what Newton's laws say,
many people do not know
what they mean (or simply do
not believe what they mean).
Newton’s Laws of Motion
 1st Law – An object at rest will stay at rest,
and an object in motion will stay in
motion at constant velocity, unless acted
upon by an unbalanced force.
 2nd Law – Force equals mass times
acceleration.
 3rd Law – For every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction.
1st Law of Motion
(Law of Inertia)
An object at rest will stay at

rest, and an object in motion
will stay in motion at
constant velocity, unless acted
upon by an unbalanced force.
1 Law
st
 Inertia is the
tendency of an
object to resist
changes in its
velocity:
whether in
motion or These pumpkins will not move unless acted on
motionless. by an unbalanced force.
1 Law
st
 Once airborne,
unless acted on
by an
unbalanced force
(gravity and air
– fluid friction),
it would never
stop!
1 Law
st
 Unless acted
upon by an
unbalanced
force, this golf
ball would sit on
the tee forever.
Why then, do we observe
every day objects in motion
slowing down and becoming
motionless seemingly without an
outside force?
It’s a force we sometimes cannot see –
friction.
Objects on earth, unlike the
frictionless space the moon
travels through, are under the
influence of friction.
What is this unbalanced force that acts on an object in motion?
 There are four main types of friction:

 Sliding friction: ice skating
 Rolling friction: bowling
 Fluid friction (air or liquid): air or water resistance
 Static friction: initial friction when moving an object
Slide a book
across a table and
watch it slide to a rest
position. The book
comes to a rest
because of the
presence of a force -
that force being the
force of friction -
which brings the book
to a rest position.
 In the absence of a force of friction, the book
would continue in motion with the same speed
and direction - forever! (Or at least to the end
of the table top.)
Newtons’s 1 Law and You
st
Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts.

Because of inertia, objects (including you) resist
changes in their motion. When the car going 80
km/hour is stopped by the brick wall, your body
keeps moving at 80 m/hour.
Think about this…
 Imagine a place in the cosmos far
from all gravitational and
frictional influences. Suppose an
astronaut in that place throws a
rock. What will happen to the
rock? Explain your answer
Think about this…
 Mac and Tosh are arguing in the
cafeteria. Mac says that if he throws
his jello with a greater speed it will
have a greater inertia. Tosh argues
that inertia does not depend upon
speed, but rather upon mass. With
whom do you agree? Why?
 Ben is being chased through the woods by
a bull moose which he was attempting to
photograph. The enormous mass of the
bull moose is extremely intimidating. Yet,
if Ben makes a zigzag pattern through the
woods, he will be able to use the large
mass of the moose to his own advantage.
Explain this in terms of inertia.
2 Law
nd
2 Law
nd
The net force of an object is

equal to the product of its mass
and acceleration, or F=ma.
2 Law
nd
 When mass is in kilograms and acceleration is

in m/s/s, the unit of force is in newtons (N).
 One newton is equal to the force required to
accelerate one kilogram of mass at one
meter/second/second.
2 Law (F = m x a)
nd
 How much force is needed to accelerate a 1400

kilogram car 2 meters per second/per second?
 Write the formula
 F=mxa
 Fill in given numbers and units
 F = 1400 kg x 2 meters per second/second
 Solve for the unknown

2800 kg-meters/second/second or 2800 N
If mass remains constant, doubling the acceleration, doubles the force. If force remains
constant, doubling the mass, halves the acceleration.
Newton’s 2nd Law proves that different masses
accelerate to the earth at the same rate, but with
different forces.
• We know that objects

with different masses
accelerate to the
ground at the same
rate.
• However, because of
the 2nd Law we know
that they don’t hit the
ground with the same
force.
F = ma F = ma
98 N = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s/s 9.8 N = 1 kg x 9.8
m/s/s
Check Your Understanding
 1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg
object? A 6 kg object?
 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s 2.

Determine the mass.
 3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec?
 4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8

m/sec/sec?
Check Your Understanding
 1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg object?
12 N = 3 kg x 4 m/s/s
 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s 2. Determine the

mass.
16 N = 3.2 kg x 5 m/s/s
 3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec?
66 kg-m/sec/sec or 66 N
 4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/sec/sec?
 9800 kg-m/sec/sec or 9800 N

3 Law
rd
 For every action, there is an

equal and opposite reaction.
3 Law
rd
According to Newton,
whenever objects A and
B interact with each
other, they exert forces
upon each other. When
you sit in your chair,
your body exerts a
downward force on the
chair and the chair
exerts an upward force
on your body.
3 Law
rd
There are two forces

resulting from this
interaction - a force on
the chair and a force on
your body. These two
forces are called action
and reaction forces.
Newton’s 3rd Law in Nature
 Consider the propulsion of a
fish through the water. A fish
uses its fins to push water
backwards. In turn, the
water reacts by pushing the
fish forwards, propelling the
fish through the water.
 The size of the force on the
water equals the size of the
force on the fish; the
direction of the force on the
water (backwards) is
opposite the direction of the
force on the fish (forwards).
3 Law
rd
Flying gracefully
through the air, birds
depend on Newton’s
third law of motion. As
the birds push down on
the air with their wings,
the air pushes their
wings up and gives
them lift.
 Consider the flying motion of birds. A bird flies by
use of its wings. The wings of a bird push air
downwards. In turn, the air reacts by pushing the bird
upwards.
 The size of the force on the air equals the size of the
force on the bird; the direction of the force on the air
(downwards) is opposite the direction of the force on
the bird (upwards).
 Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for birds
to fly.
Other examples of Newton’s
Third Law
 The baseball forces the
bat to the left (an
action); the bat forces
the ball to the right (the
reaction).
3 Law
rd
 Consider the motion of

a car on the way to
school. A car is
equipped with wheels
which spin backwards.
As the wheels spin
backwards, they grip the
road and push the road
backwards.
3 Law
rd
The reaction of a rocket is

an application of the third
law of motion. Various
fuels are burned in the
engine, producing hot
gases.
The hot gases push against
the inside tube of the rocket
and escape out the bottom
of the tube. As the gases
move downward, the rocket
moves in the opposite
direction.

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Coin Drop Relay

1. What happened to the coin when the

An object at rest will stay at

 There are four main types of friction:

Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts.

The net force of an object is

 When mass is in kilograms and acceleration is

 How much force is needed to accelerate a 1400

• We know that objects

 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s 2.

 3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec?

 4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8

 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s 2. Determine the

 3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec?

 9800 kg-m/sec/sec or 9800 N

 For every action, there is an

There are two forces

 Consider the motion of

The reaction of a rocket is

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