Presentation

Communication And
Internet Technologies
Circuit Switching⇒ Alok
Packet Switching ⇒Sarthak
Message Switching ⇒Aarogya
Role of router in data transmission, Packet Switching VS Message Switching ⇒Gobinda
 Table Of Contents
● Circuit Switching
○ Advantages
○ Disadvantages
○ Application
● Message Switching
○ Advantages
○ Disadvantages
○ Application
● Packet Switching
○ Advantages
○ Disadvantages
○ Application
● Function of Router in Packet Switching and how it is used to send messages through the internet

● Circuit Switching VS Message Switching VS Packet Switching

Circuit Switching
 Definition Of Circuit Switching

Circuit Switching is a method of implementing a telecommunications network in

which two network nodes establish a dedicated communication channels (circuit)
through the network before the nodes may communicate. It was in use for
communication through PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network). It uses a
dedicated private line to transmit data and messages to users. First the connection
between the users is created and the data is transferred. After that, the connection
is terminated. This is the basic working principle of Circuit switching.
 Advantages Of Circuit Switching

● The Circuit is dedicated to single transmission only.

● The whole bandwidth is available.

● The data transfer rate in incredibly fast.

● The order of arrival of packets don’t change at arrival.

● No data loss occurs.

● It works better than packet switching in real-time applications.

 Disadvantages of Circuit Switching
● It has to send empty frames and has to use a dedicated line making it not so
flexible.

● The line can only be accessed by one user even when it is idle.

● The line is never closed even when no one is using it.

● When an error occurs in the line, no other routes are available.

● These dedicated channels use high amount of bandwidth.

● The time required to link the line with the user before using it is long.
 Where Circuit switching is used
Circuit switching is used for connections that must be maintained for long periods, such as long-
distance communication. Circuit switching technology is used in traditional telephone systems.

When a computer connects to the internet through a dial-up service, it uses the public switched
network. Dial-up transmits Internet Protocol (IP) data packets via a circuit-switched telephone
network.

Data centre networks also make use of circuit switching. Optical circuit switching is used to
expand traditional data centres and fulfill increasing bandwidth demands.
Not using circuit
switching because it is
old

Using circuit
switching as it is
fastest and most secure
 Definition of Packet Switching
Packet switching is a way of sending data where a message is split
into many packets. Each packet is sent on its own from the start to
the end point. At the destination, the packets are put back together in
the right order. Here's an example of how packet switching works.
Packet Switching
How data is transmitted using packet switching (in short)
● each packet follows its own path
● routing selection depends on the number of datagram packets waiting to be
processed at each node (router)
● the shortest path available is selected
● packets can reach the destination in a different order to that in which they are
sent.
 In Detail
Each Packet Follows Its Unique Path:

● In a network, each packet is like a traveler with its own journey. It navigates through the
network independently of other packets.

Routing Selection Based on Packet Congestion:

● The selection of the route for each packet depends on the congestion level at each router
along the way.
● Routers analyze the number of datagram packets awaiting processing and choose the least
congested path for efficient data transmission.
Selection of the Shortest Path:
● Routers prioritize selecting the shortest available path for packet transmission.
● This ensures that packets travel the most direct route, minimizing delays and optimizing
network efficiency.

Non-Sequential Packet Delivery:

● Despite being sent in a specific order, packets may arrive at their destination in a different
sequence.
● This phenomenon is akin to receiving packages out of order due to varying travel speeds
or routes taken.
Detailed Picture
Pros and cons of packet switching
 Message switching
Message switching is a method of data transmission where messages are sent
from the sender to the receiver through a series of intermediate nodes or
switching centers. Each node stores the complete message before forwarding it
to the next node. This store-and-forward technique is distinct from circuit
switching and packet switching.
 Principles

● Storage and forward mechanism: storage, forwarding and routing is done

● non-real -time transmission
 FEATURES
● Flexibility
● Efficient use of network
resources
● Error handling
 Advantages
● There is better utilisation of resources
● The routing process is more flexible
● There is no requirement for setup time
● It is more scalable
● Messages can be appointed priority levels
● There is no need for the continuous allocation of resources as required in circuit
switching, leading to lower operational costs, especially in large networks with varying
traffic loads.
● Messages can be encrypted during storage at intermediate nodes, adding an additional
layer of security to the transmission process
 Disadvantages

● There is high latency

● Critical storage requirements as each node in the network must have sufficient memory
to store entire messages
● The delays are variable and unpredictable
● There may be potential message loss
 Applications
● Email Systems: Reliable store-and-forward transmission of email messages.
● Financial Transactions: Securely transmit banking data between branches.
● Military Communications: Ensures reliable delivery in unstable environments.
● Satellite Communications: Handles delays and intermittent connectivity efficiently.
● Telegraph Networks: Early method for manual message forwarding.
● Emergency Dispatch Systems: Prioritizes critical messages for timely response.
● Batch Processing Systems: Handles large volumes of non-real-time data efficiently.
● Healthcare Information Systems: Secure and reliable transmission of medical records.
● Command and Control Networks: Ensures message delivery in mission-critical operations.
● File Transfer Protocols: Store-and-forward mechanism for non-real-time file transfers.
 Router
A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or sub-networks. It serves
two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data packets to
their intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet connection.

Extra: link1 , link2

 Hopping, Error-Checking, and Priority
Handling

Sometimes, packets get lost and keep bouncing around from router to router, never reaching where they need to go. This
can slow down the network as these lost packets pile up and jam the system. To fix this, we use something called
"hopping". A hop number is added to each packet's header, which limits how many times it can hop between routers.
Each time a packet goes through a router, its hop number decreases by 1. If it doesn't reach its destination before the hop
number hits 0, it's deleted at the next router.

Packets also have an error-checking method like a checksum. The checksum is calculated for each packet and added to
the header. At the destination, the checksum is recalculated to make sure no errors happened. If the checksums don't
match, a request is made to resend the packet. Sometimes, a priority value is added to the header to show which packet
queue should be used.
 Packet Header for TCP/IP Protocol

When sending packets with TCP/IP, the packet header includes:

● IP address of source computer
● IP address of destination computer
● Current hop number of data packet
● Length of packet in bytes
● Number of packets in the message
● Sequence number for reassembly
● Checksum value
 General Packet Header Info
Packet headers usually have:

● 4 bits for protocol version (like IPv4, IPv6)

● 4 bits for header length (e.g., value of 6 means 24 bytes)
● 8 bits for packet priority
● 16 bits for packet length in bytes
● 3 bits for fragmentation (DF = do not fragment, MF = more fragments)
● 13 bits for fragmentation offset to show fragment position
● 8 bits for current hop number
● 16 bits for number of packets in the message
● 16 bits for sequence number
● 8 bits for transmission protocol (TCP, UDP)
● 16 bits for header checksum value
● 32 bits for source IP address
● 32 bits for destination IP address
 Routing

Network routing is the process of selecting a path across one or more networks. The principles of
routing can apply to any type of network, from telephone networks to public transportation. In packet-
switching networks, such as the Internet, routing selects the paths for Internet Protocol (IP) packets to
travel from their origin to their destination. These Internet routing decisions are made by specialized
pieces of network hardware called routers.
 Types of routing :

● Static Routing
● Dynamic Routing

Static Routing: Static Routing is also known as non-adaptive routing which doesn’t change the
routing table unless the network administrator changes or modifies them manually. Static routing does
not use complex routing algorithms and it provides high or more security than dynamic routing.
 Types of routing :

● Static Routing
● Dynamic Routing

Static Routing: Static Routing is also known as non-adaptive routing which doesn’t change the
routing table unless the network administrator changes or modifies them manually. Static routing does
not use complex routing algorithms and it provides high or more security than dynamic routing.

Why?)
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 Types of routing :

● Static Routing
● Dynamic Routing

Static Routing: Static Routing is also known as non-adaptive routing which doesn’t change the
routing table unless the network administrator changes or modifies them manually. Static routing does
not use complex routing algorithms and it provides high or more security than dynamic routing.

Static routing is more secure because it doesn't share routes across the entire network. Dynamic routing
creates more security risks because it shares complete routing tables across the network.
 Types of routing :

● Static Routing
● Dynamic Routing

Dynamic Routing: Dynamic Routing is also known as adaptive routing which changes the routing
table according to the change in topology. Dynamic routing uses complex routing algorithms and it
does not provide high security like static routing. When the network change(topology) occurs, it sends
the message to the router to ensure that changes then the routes are recalculated for sending updated
routing information.
 Routing Tables
A routing table is a set of rules that’s used to determine where data packets travelling over an Internet
Protocol (IP) network will be directed. This table is usually stored inside the Random Access Memory
(RAM) of forwarding devices, such as routers and network switches. In computer networking, each
routing table is unique and acts as an address map for networks. It stores the source and destination IP
addresses of the routing devices in the form of prefixes along with the default gateway addresses and
corresponding routing information. Routing tables are typically updated dynamically through network
routing protocols. But sometimes network administrators might add static entries manually.

Routing tables help send packets along the best route. When a packet reaches a router, its header is
checked against the routing table, which gives instructions for the next hop.
Routing tables have:

● Number of hops
● MAC address of the next router
● Metrics (cost for each route to find the most efficient path)
● Network destination (network ID)
● Gateway (a network node used in telecommunications that connects two networks with different
transmission protocols together.)
● Netmask (a 32-bit value used in computer networking to divide an internet protocol (IP) address
into a network address and a host address )
● Interface (local interface for reaching the gateway)
Pros and cons of circuit switching
Pros and cons of packet switching
??
Any Questions ?