Networking

• Computer network A collection of

computing devices that are connected in
various ways in order to communicate and
share resources
Usually, the connections between
computers in a network are made using
physical wires or cables
However, some connections are wireless,
using radio waves or infrared signals
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 Networking

• The generic term node or host refers to

any device on a network
• Data transfer rate The speed with which
data is moved from one place on a
network to another
• Data transfer rate is a key issue in
computer networks

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 Networking

• Computer networks have opened up an

entire frontier in the world of computing
called the client/server model

Figure 15.1 Client/Server interaction 15-3

 Networking

• File server A computer that stores and

manages files for multiple users on a
network
• Web server A computer dedicated to
responding to requests (from the browser
client) for web pages

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 Types of Networks

• Local-area network (LAN) A network

that connects a relatively small number of
machines in a relatively close
geographical area

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 Types of Networks

• Various configurations, called topologies, have

been used to administer LANs
– Ring topology A configuration that connects all nodes
in a closed loop on which messages travel in one
direction
– Star topology A configuration that centers around one
node to which all others are connected and through
which all messages are sent
– Bus topology All nodes are connected to a single
communication line that carries messages in both
directions
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 Types of Networks

Figure 15.2 Various network topologies

• A bus technology called Ethernet has become the

industry standard for local-area networks
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 Types of Networks

• Wide-area network (WAN) A network that

connects two or more local-area networks over a
potentially large geographic distance
Often one particular node on a LAN is set up to serve
as a gateway to handle all communication going
between that LAN and other networks

Communication between networks is called

internetworking
The Internet, as we know it today, is essentially the
ultimate wide-area network, spanning the entire globe

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 Types of Networks

• Metropolitan-area network (MAN) The

communication infrastructures that have
been developed in and around large cities

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 Types of Networks

Figure 15.1 Local-area networks connected across a distance to

create a wide-area network 15-10
 Internet Connections

• Internet backbone A set of high-speed

networks that carry Internet traffic
These networks are provided by
companies such as AT&T, GTE, and IBM
• Internet service provider (ISP) A
company that provides other companies or
individuals with access to the Internet

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 Internet Connections

• There are various technologies available that you can

use to connect a home computer to the Internet
– A phone modem converts computer data into an analog
audio signal for transfer over a telephone line, and then a
modem at the destination converts it back again into data
– A digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper phone
lines to transfer digital data to and from the phone company’s
central office
– A cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV
signals come in on to transfer the data back and forth

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 Internet Connections

• Broadband A connection in which transfer

speeds are faster than 128 bits per second
– DSL connections and cable modems are broadband
connections
– The speed for downloads (getting data from the
Internet to your home computer) may not be the same
as uploads (sending data from your home computer
to the Internet)

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 Packet Switching

• To improve the efficiency of transferring information over

a shared communication line, messages are divided into
fixed-sized, numbered packets
• Network devices called routers are used to direct
packets between networks
Figure 15.4
Messages
sent by
packet
switching

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 Open Systems

• Proprietary system A system that uses

technologies kept private by a particular
commercial vendor
One system couldn’t communicate with another,
leading to the need for
• Interoperability The ability of software and
hardware on multiple machines and from
multiple commercial vendors to communicate
Leading to
• Open systems Systems based on a common
model of network architecture and a suite of
protocols used in its implementation
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 Open Systems

• The International
Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
established the Open
Systems
Interconnection (OSI)
Reference Model
• Each layer deals with a
Figure 15.5 The layers of the OSI Reference Model
particular aspect of
network communication

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 Network Protocols

• Network protocols are layered such that

each one relies on the protocols that
underlie it
• Sometimes referred to as a protocol
stack

Figure 15.6 Layering of key network protocols

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 TCP/IP

• TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol

TCP software breaks messages into packets,
hands them off to the IP software for delivery,
and then orders and reassembles the packets
at their destination
• IP stands for Internet Protocol
IP software deals with the routing of packets
through the maze of interconnected networks
to their final destination

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 High-Level Protocols

• Other protocols build on the foundation

established by the TCP/IP protocol suite
– Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
– File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
– Telnet
– Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http)

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 Firewalls

• Firewall A machine and its software that

serve as a special gateway to a network,
protecting it from inappropriate access
– Filters the network traffic that comes in,
checking the validity of the messages as
much as possible and perhaps denying some
messages altogether
– Enforces an organization’s access control
policy
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 Firewalls

Figure 15.8 A firewall protecting a LAN 15-21

 Network Addresses

• Hostname A unique identification that

specifies a particular computer on the
Internet
For example
matisse.csc.villanova.edu
condor.develocorp.com

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 Network Addresses

• Network software translates a hostname

into its corresponding IP address
For example
205.39.145.18

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 Network Addresses

• An IP address can be split into

– network address, which specifies a specific network
– host number, which specifies a particular machine in
that network

Figure 15.9
An IP address is
stored in four
bytes

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 Domain Name System

• A hostname consists of the computer name

followed by the domain name
• csc.villanova.edu is the domain name
– A domain name is separated into two or more
sections that specify the organization, and possibly a
subset of an organization, of which the computer is a
part
– Two organizations can have a computer named the
same thing because the domain name makes it clear
which one is being referred to

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 Domain Name System

• The very last section of the domain is called its

top-level domain (TLD) name

Figure 15.10 Top-level domains, including some relatively new ones 15-26
 Domain Name System

• Organizations based in countries other than the

United States use a top-level domain that
corresponds to their two-letter country codes

Figure 15.11
Some of the top-level domain
names based on country codes

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 Domain Name System

• The domain name system (DNS) is

chiefly used to translate hostnames into
numeric IP addresses
– DNS is an example of a distributed database
– If that server can resolve the hostname, it
does so
– If not, that server asks another domain name
server

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