INTEGRATION

Lecture
by
J Gondwe

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 LECTURE OBJECTIVES
• Define integration
• Evaluate Indefinite integrals of polynomials
• Recognise the need for constant of integration
• Evaluate a constant of integration

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 DEFINITION
• There are several definitions ….

The reverse process of differentiation.

( ie start with the derivative and then find an
expression from which it has been derived)

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 Cont’d
Previously, given a function, f(x) , we could find
what the derivative of this function was.

HOW ABOUT THE REVERSE?

Given the derivative, what function was

differentiated?

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 Cont’d
Given a function, f(x) , an anti - derivative of
f(x) is any function F(x) such that
F’(x)  f(x)
If F(x) is any anti - derivative of f(x) then the most general
anti - derivative of f(x) is called an indefinite integral

The operation of finding the anti - derivative F(x) is

called INTEGRATION

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 Integration symbol

The symbol used for this operation

is an elongated capital S

 - is the integral symbol

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 Integration
The operation can be written using
the symbols as follows :

 f(x)dx  F(x)  c , where

  
anti  derivative

 is an integral symbol
f(x) is an integrand (the expression to be integrated)
x is an intergration variable
c is the constant of intergration
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 Integration

Note :
in the operation  f(x)dx  F(x)  c ,
  
anti  derivative

the integrand f(x)  y

hence  y dx  F(x) 
  
c ,
anti  derivative

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 TYPES OF INTEGRATION
• Indefinite: This is open-ended. No boundaries are set.

 y dx
• Definite: This sets the boundary for values of x under which
the area should be calculated.

a
b
y dx a b
• The later concepts will become clear when looking at
integration as area under a curve(under application).

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 How to integrate
n n-1
Since differentiating x w.r.t. x gives nx ,
n 1
x
the reverse (integration) gives
(n  1 )
To integrate a power of x, increase the power
by 1 and divide by the new power

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 Cont’d
In general
1 n 1
  
n
x dx x c
n 1

for any value of n

except n  -1 [WHY?]
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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION BY RULE

n 1
x
   n  1
n
x dx c
n 1

THIS IS INTEGRATION BY RULE

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 EXAMPLE 1

2 1
x
  
2
x dx c
2 1
3
x
 c
3

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 EXAMPLE 2

2 1
3x
 3x
2
dx  c
 2 1
1
3x
 c
1
3
  c
x
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 Constant of integration
• Differentiating the functions

 
2 3
yx 3
 3 x dx x
 

y  x  5  3 x 2 hence  3 x 2 dx  x 3  5
3

y  x 3-2  
 3 x 2
dx  x 3
2
The three lines lead to the same result. In differentiation the
constant term becomes zero, all trace of it is lost, we have
no history of the derivative of 3 x 2 and no evidence of the
constant term ie 0,5, - 2 hence we acknowlege the presence
of such a constant by adding a symbol for a constant to the
result of the integration.
Thus the constant of integration “c” is of value!
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 Properties of indefinite integration

1.  kf(x)dx  k  f(x)dx where k is an y number

2.   f(x)dx    f(x)dx

3.  f(x)  g ( x)dx   f(x)dx   g ( x)dx

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 Example 3

Evaluate the following indefinite integral

 4 x 4 2

 3 x  4 x  9 dx.

      
4 2
4 x dx 3 x dx 4 x dx 9 dx
5
4x
  x  2x  9x  k
3 2

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 DON’TS

1.   f ( x ) g ( x ) dx   f ( x ) dx  g ( x ) dx

 f(x) 
2.   dx 
 f ( x)dx

 g(x)   g ( x ) dx

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 EXERCISE
• Integrate the following polynomials:

 (2 x  4 x ) dx
7 6
1

 5 3
2
  x 4  x 2  dx
3
 (4 x  2) dx

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 Constant of integration

The result of the integration of a function

includes a constant of unknown value.
The constant of unknown value can be
determined if further information is provided

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 Example

The curve has a gradient function of

(3 x-4) and passes through the point
(1,2). Find the equation of the curve.

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 Cont’d
If the equation of the curve is given by y  f ( x) then
dy
its gradient function is
dx
dy
i.e.  (3 x  4) hence y   (3x - 4)dx
dx
2
3x
y  4x  k
2
since the curve passes through the pont (1,2),
can evaluate the unknown costant k
2
3(1) 9
2  4(1)  k  k 
2 2
2
3x 9
Thus the equation of the curve is y   4x 
2 2
or 2 y  3 x 2  8 x  9

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 Class exercise
1. Find the equation of the curve in each case given
the gradient function and the coordinates of a point on the curve
(a) ( x  4); (2,5)
(b) 6e 2 x ; (0,2)
 
(c) cos3x ;  ,1
2 
dy
2. Suppose  e 3 x , and given y  3 when x  0, find equation
dx
of the curve.

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 Solutions

1. (a) 2 y  x 2  8 x  10
(b) y  3e 2 x  1
(c) 3y  sin 3 x  4

2. 3 y  e 3 x  8

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