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L21 - Roman Architecture 3

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32 views44 pages

L21 - Roman Architecture 3

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baraa.mimi14
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History of Architecture I

Roman Architecture III


Domestic Architecture
Etruscan Temple
Etruscan Arches
Etruscan Cuniculus
Architecture of
Late republic & Early Empire
Architectural Character:

• Growing mastery of the new


concrete

• The introduction of new


proportions relating to the
use of different materials

• Introduction of many new


types of building such as
public baths, basilicas,
and places of public
entertainment
Architectural Character:

• The adoption of the classical


Greek orders, particularly
the Corinthian

• The combination of these


orders with an arched form of
construction and the
widespread use of vaulted
and domed forms
Architectural Character:

• Openings, where needed,


were spanned by arches

• The arched openings in the


wall were framed by the
columns and entablature and
the order become purely
applied surface decoration

• During the Republic period,


the first major road to connect
the rule together - Via Appia
Temples
Temple
s
• Set on high podium

• Approached only from the front

• They still had simple rectangular cellas


preceded by columned porticoes

• They were still roofed in timber

• All three Greek orders were used in temples,


but the proportions of the Roman Doric are
noticeably more slender than those of its
Greek prototype
Temple
s

• It was usual to site an important temple building in a


commanding position in relation to the city forum

• In the case of temple in forum, the alter was set immediately in front of
the entrance steps or even onto them, in the later case, the
arrangement still emphasizes the axial plan
Maison Carree
Early Empire Period, 19 BC
Maison Carree

• Built during the rule of


Augusts, however, it
resembles the traditional
temples of the early
republic

• Corinthian order

• Originally the temple stood


on its podium with a forum
surrounded by porticoes
Maison Carree

Pseudo-peripteral pro-style, hexastyle, It has half columns attached to


its façade
The Pantheon
118-128 AD
The Pantheon

• The temple of all Gods, built during


the reign of Augustus, and rebuilt
by the emperor Hadrian about 126
AD

• Its name comes from the Greek pans


‘all’, and theos ‘god’

• Since the Romans imagined the


earth as a disk covered with a
heavenly dome, the structure was to
resemble that universe of the earth
and the gods
The Pantheon

• It was built of concrete with varying


density from bottom to top

• It is 43.4m in diameter

• In the rotunda, the distance from


the top of the dome to the floor is
the same as the width of the
dome
- it could inscribe a perfect sphere
inside

• The only source of light is from


the
The Pantheon

• The concrete dome exerts


massive downward thrust which
is diverted to 8 major piers

• Between these piers are 8 deep


niches where the statues of
the gods were placed
The Pantheon

• From the outside, a person


approaching would have had little
suggestion of the space within
since the long colonnade at the
front prevented clear views

• Facing the forum is an octastyle


Corinthian portico of gray granite
with white marble bases and
capitals
The Pantheon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZTplONK7f4
The Forum
The Roman
Forum
• Corresponding to the Greek agora

• Started as an irregularly shaped open space serving as market,


general meeting space, and the setting for political discussions
and demonstration
The Roman
Forum

In late republican times it was a multi-purpose space, hemmed in


by unplanned groups of dwellings, shops and, workshops, but it
was usually a more formal rectangle, closed at one end by a
temple
The Roman
Forum
The beginning of the large complex of forums in Rome was the
Forum Romanum during the Republic period. Because the forum
grew over several hundred of years, it was not rigorously orthogonal
The Roman
Forum

With the end of the


Republic period and
beginning with Julius
Caesar, additional forums
were built north and
east of the original
forum
The Roman
Forum

Later, it would be largely surrounded by colonnades and


public buildings usually including markets and a basilica
The Roman
Forum
Julius Caesar’s forum, the forum Iulium, began around 56 BC and
provided the model for the new forums. It was strictly rectangular,
lined with loggias, and focused on a temple
The Roman
Forum

Augustus then added his Forum Agustum (2 BC) on an


axis perpendicular to the Iulium forum.
Forum of Trajan

• Additional forums were then added by succeeding emperors each


forum commemorating a significant military achievement and
dedicate to a god whose attributes were admired by the emperor

• The imperial forums were then reached their maximum with the
Forum of Trajan (98-117 AD), north of the Forum Augustum
Forum of Trajan

• The Forum of Trajan is more


complex spatially than the earlier
forums

• The structure had a broad


loggia-lined forecourt,
measuring 200 by 120 m

• On the sides were public


markets constructed by Trajan

• At the far north end was a


temple for the deified Trajan,
built by his successor
Hadrian
Forum of Trajan

• In front of the temple were 2


libraries

• Between the libraries stood the


great column of Trajan 38 m
high, it was covered with
spiraling relief depicting the
Dacian campaign

• Between the inner functions and


the forum lies the Basilica of
Ulpia, the largest in Rome
Forum of Trajan

1 Temple of Trajan
1 2Column of Trajan
2 3- Libraries
4 Basilica Ulpia
3
5 Forum
4
3

5
Next lecture

To be continued …

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