Database Processing: Fundamentals,

Design, and Implementation

Fifteenth Edition

Chapter 1
Introduction

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Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
1.1 To understand the importance of databases in Internet Web applications and smart-
phone apps

1.2 To understand the nature and characteristics of databases

1.3 To survey some important and interesting database applications

1.4 To gain a general understanding of tables and relationships

1.5 To describe the components of a Microsoft Access database system and explain the
functions they perform

1.6 To describe the components of an enterprise-class database system and explain the
functions they perform

1.7 To define the term database management system (DBMS) and describe the functions
of a DBMS

1.8 To define the term database and describe what is contained within the database

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Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
1.9 To define the term metadata and provide examples of metadata
1.10 To define and understand database design from existing data
1.11 To define and understand database design as new systems
development
1.12 To define and understand database redesign of an existing
database
1.13 To understand the history and development of database
processing

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How Did We Get Here?
I
The Internet World 1
• Personal Computers
– 1977: Apple II
– 1981: IBM PC
• Local Area Networks
– Ethernet networking technology
▪ Early 1970s: Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
▪ 1983: U.S. National Standard

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How Did We Get Here?
II
The Internet World 2
• The Internet
– 1969: ARPANET
• World Wide Web (WWW)
– 1993: First Web browser (Netscape) available
– Mid 1990s: Online retail sites
▪ 1995: Amazon
▪ Followed by Best Buy
• Early 2000s: Web 2.0

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How Did We Get Here?
The Smartphone World
• Mid 1970s: Mobile Phone (Cell Phone)
• Smartphone
– 2007: Apple iPhone
– 2008: Google Android Operating System
• Tablets
– 2010: Apple iPad
• Apps
• All of these examples depend on databases

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Databases in the Internet and Mobile
Device World
• Databases are important because they are everywhere
and are used daily:
– Facebook
▪ Posts
▪ Likes
– Twitter
▪ Tweets
– Online shopping
▪ Amazon.com – [Do an actual search]

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Figure 1-1
Searching a Database in a Web Browser (1 of 2)

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Figure 1-1
Searching a Database in a Web Browser (2 of 2)

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The Characteristics of Databases
• The purpose of a database is to help people track things of
interest to them.
• Data is stored in tables, which have rows and columns like
a spreadsheet.
• A database may have multiple tables, where each table
stores data about a different thing.
• Each row in a table stores data about an occurrence or
instance of the thing of interest.
• A database stores data and relationships.

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Figure 1-2
The Internet and Mobile Device World

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Naming Conventions in this Textbook
• Table names are written with all capital letters:
– STUDENT, CLASS, GRADE, COURSE_INFO
• Column names are written with an initial capital letter, and
compound names are written with a capital letter on each
word:
– Term, Section, ClassNumber, StudentName

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Figure 1-3
The Student and Class Tables

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Figure 1-4
The Student, Class, and Grade Tables

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Figure 1-5
The Key Database Characteristics: Related Tables

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Figure 1-6
Microsoft Access 2016 View of Tables and
Relationships

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Databases Create Information
• Data = recorded facts and figures
• Information = knowledge derived from data
• Databases record data, but they do so in such a way that
we can produce information from the data
– The data on STUDENTs, CLASSes, and GRADEs
could produce information about each student’s GPA.

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Figure 1-7
Example Database Applications
Application Example Users Number of Typical Size Remarks
Users
Sales Contact Salesperson 1 2,000 rows Products such as GioldMine and
Manager Act! Are database centric
Patient appointment Medical office 15 to 50 100,000 rows Vertical market software vendors
(doctor, dentist) incorporate databases into their
software products
Customer Sales, marketing, 500 10 million rows Major vendors such as Microsoft
relationship or customer service and Oracle PeopleSoft
management (C RM) departments Enterprise build applications
around the database
Enterprise resource An entire 500 10 million+ rows SAP uses a database as a
planning (E RP) organization central repository for E RP data.

E-commerce site Internet users Possibly 1 billion+ rows Drugstore.com has a database
millions that grows at the rate of 20
million rows per day!
Digital dashboard Senior managers 500 100,000 rows Extractions, summaries, and
consolidations of operational
databases.
Data mining Business analysts 25 100,000 to Data are extracted, reformatted,
millions+ cleaned, and filtered for use by
statistical mining tools.

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Figure 1-8
The Components of a Database System

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Figure 1-9
The Components of a Database System with S QL

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Applications, the DBMS, and SQL
• Applications are the computer programs that users work
with.
• The Database Management System (D B M S) creates,
processes, and administers databases.
• Structured Query Language (S Q L) is an internationally
recognized standard database language that is used by
all commercial D B M Ss.

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Figure 1-10
Basic Functions of Application Programs
Basic Functions of Application Programs
Create and process forms
Process user queries
Create and process reports
Execute application logic
Control the application itself

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Figure 1-11
An Example Data Entry Form

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Figure 1-12
Example SQL Query Results

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Figure 1-13
Example Report

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Figure 1-14
Functions of a DBMS
Functions of a DBMS
Create database
Create tables
Create supporting structures (e.g., Indexes)
Modify (insert, update, or delete) database data
Read database data
Maintain database structures
Enforce rules
Control concurrency
Perform backup and recovery

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The Database
• A database is a self-describing collection of integrated
tables.
• The tables are called integrated because they store data
about the relationships between rows of data.
• A database is called self-describing because it stores a
description of itself.
• The self-describing data is called metadata, which is data
about data.

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Figure 1-15
Typical Metadata Tables (1 of 2)

TableName NumberColumns PrimaryKey

STUDENT 4 StudentNumber
CLASS 4 ClassNumber
GRADE 3 (StudentNumber,
ClassNumber)

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Figure 1-15
Typical Metadata Tables (2 of 2)
ColumnName TableName DataType Length (bytes)
StudentNumber STUDENT Integer 4
LastName STUDENT Text 25
FirstName STUDENT Text 25
EmailAddress STUDENT Text 100
ClassNumber CLASS Integer 4
Name CLASS Text 25
Term CLASS Text 12
Section CLASS Integer 4
StudentNumber GRADE Integer 4
ClassNumber GRADE Integer 4
Grade GRADE Decimal (2,1)

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Figure 1-16
Typical Metadata Tables

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Microsoft Access
• Microsoft Access is a low-end product intended for
individual users and small workgroups.
• Microsoft Access tries to hide much of the underlying
database technology from the user.
• This is a good strategy for beginners, but not for database
professionals.
• Note: Microsoft Access 2016 is discussed in detail in
Appendix A.

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What is Microsoft Access?
• Microsoft Access is a DBMS plus an application generator:
– The DBMS creates, processes, and administers
Microsoft Access databases.
– The application generator includes query, form, and
report components.
• The Microsoft Access DBMS engine is called the Access
Data Engine (ADE).
• Microsoft Access 2000 thru 2010 can be used as an
application generator for the Microsoft SQL Server DBMS.

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Figure 1-17
Components of a Microsoft Access Database
System

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Figure 1-18
Components of an Enterprise-Class Database
System

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Figure 1-19
Common Professional View of D BMS Products

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Figure 1-20
Three Types of Database Design
Types of Database Design Process
• From existing data (Chapters 3 and 4)
– Analyze spreadsheets and other data tables
– Extract data from other databases
– Design using normalization principles

• New systems development (Chapters 5 and 6)

– Crete data model from application requirements
– Transform data model into database design

• Database redesign (Chapter 8)

– Migrate databases to newer databases
– Integrate two or more databases
– Reverse-engineer and design new database using normalization
principles and data model transformation
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Figure 1-21
Databases Originating from Existing Data

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Figure 1-22
Data Import: One or Two Tables?

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Figure 1-23
Database Originating from New Systems
Development

Entity-Relationship data modeling is covered in Chapter 5, and data model

transformations to database designs are covered in Chapter 6.
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Figure 1-24
Databases Originating from Database Redesign

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Figure 1-25
Working Domains of Knowledge Workers,
Programmers, and Database Administrators

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Figure 1-26
Priorities of What You Need to Know
Topic Chapter Importance to Importance to
Database Knowledge Worker
Administrator and Programmer
Basic SQL Chapter 2 1 2
The relational database model Chapter 3 2 2
Design via normalization Chapter 4 2 1
Data models Chapter 5 2 1
Data model transformation Chapter 6 2 1
SQL DDL and constraint Chapter 7 3 1
enforcement
Database redesign Chapter 8 3 1
Database administration Chapter 9 3 1
SQL Server, Oracle, My SQL Chapters 10, 3 1
specifics 10A, 10B, 10C
Database application Chapters 11, 1 3
technology 12

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Figure 1-27
Database History (1 of 2)
Era Years Important Products Remarks

Predatabase Before File Managers All data were stored in separate files.
1970 Data integration was very difficult. File
storage space was expensive and
limited.
Early Database 1970-1980 ADABAS, System2000, Total, I DMS, First products to provide related tables.
I MS CODASYL DBTG and hierarchical data
models (DL/I) were prevalent.

Emergence of 1978-1985 DB2, Oracle Database, Ingres Early relational D BMS products had
relational model substantial inertia to overcome. In
time, the advantages weighed out.
Microcomputer 1982-1992+ dBase-2, R:base, Paradox, Microsoft Amazing! A database on a micro. All
II,
DBMS products Access micro DBMS products were eliminated
by Microsoft Access in the early 1990s.

Object-oriented 1985-2000 Oracle ODBMS, Gemstone, O2, Never caught on. Required relational
DB MS Versant database to be converted. Too much
work for perceived benefit.

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Figure 1-27
Database History (2 of 2)
Era Years Important Products Remarks

Web 1995-Present IIS, Apache, P HP, ASP.NET, Stateless characteristic of H TTP was a problem
Databases and Java at first. Early applications were simple one-stage
transactions. Later, more complex logic
developed.
Open source 1995-Present MySQL, Postgres QL, and Open source D BMS products provide much of the
DB MS other products functionality and features of commercial D BMS
products products at reduced cost.
XML, and 1998-Present XML, SOAP, WSDL, UDDI, XML provides tremendous benefits to Web-based
Web services and other standards database applications. Very important today. May
replace relational databases during your career.
See Chapter 11 and Appendix 1.
I.
Big Data and 2009-present Hadoop, Cassandra, Hbase, Web applications such as Facebook and Twitter
the NoSQL CouchDB, Arango DB, Mongo use Big Data technologies. The No SQL
movement DB, JSON and other products movement is geared toward processing large
data sets using No SQL data models which
replace relational databases with nonrelational
data structures such as X ML and JSON, and
which may supplant relational databases during
your career. See Chapter 12 and Appendices K
and L.

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The Relational Database Model
• The dominant database model is the relational database
model—all current major DBMS products are based on it.
• It was created by IBM engineer E. F. Codd in 1970.
• It was based on mathematics called relational algebra.
• This text examines and explains the relational database
mode.

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The NoSQL Movement and Big Data
• Recent developments in Internet and mobile computing
have resulted in the development of non-relational DBMSs.
– NoSQL movement
– Big Data
• These do not replace the relational model, but rather
complement it.

• These topics are discussed in Chapter 12 and Appendix I.

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