Grade 11 :

Development
 This section of work involves
• What is development
• what is sustainable development
• How do we measure development
• Models of development
• Rural and urban development
• Global development
• Millennium goals for development
• Foreign Aid
• Gender issues relating to development
• South African development strategies
 What is development
• The Oxford English dictionary defines
development as “ a process of gradually
becoming mature, advanced or organised “ .
Development means different things to
different people but to most societies it
means growth and improvement .
e.g. better schools , infrastructure, medical
facilities and employment are all indicators of
development .
• Development is never complete , it is an ongoing
process .
• Development has not occurred evenly across the
globe , some areas are more developed than others.
• Countries which are more developed are referred to
as developed countries or MEDC’s [ more
economically developed countries] , sometime
referred to as the haves.
• Countries which are less developed are referred to
as developing countries or LEDC’s [ Less
economically developed countries] or have nots.
 The North-South Divide
• Economists have drawn an imaginary
line around the globe, dividing North
America from Mexico , Africa from
Europe , and Japan and China from
India and South East Asia . This is
called the North –South Divide . Most of
the countries to the north are MEDC’s
and most of the countries to the South
of the line are LEDC’s
 Sustainable Development
• As people improve their lifestyles , they use
up natural resources.
• More cars and planes use up more fossil
fuels.
• Bigger houses need more electricity and
building materials.
• Resources which once used can not be
replaced are called non-renewable
resources . e.g Coal , Oil , Gold,Natural Gas
• Resources which are ongoing and can
be sustained are called renewable
resources .
• e.g : Water , trees , air , people
• In order for development to be
maintained it needs to be sustainable
(ongoing) . If resources cannot continue
to be used they are not sustainable .
 Definition [ learn off by heart]
• Sustainable development is development
that meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.
 South Africa’s Bill of Rights
includes sustainable
development
• Everyone has the right to an environment
that is not harmful to their health or well
being.
• Everyone has a right to have the
environment protected for the benefit of
present and future generations .
 Task
• Use your notes , give the definitions and
examples for the following terms
• MEDC
• LEDC
• Non Renewable Resource
• North South Divide
• Sustainable development
 MEDC
• More Economically Developed Countrys
• Countries with a high standard of living , a
good quality of life , high level of education
and a healthy population e.g U.S.A , Great
Britain , Germany ,
Sweden ,France ,Canada ,Australia
 LEDC
• Less Economically Developed Countries
• Countries with a low standard of living ,
poor quality of life , poor education
opportunities and poor access to medical
treatment .
• E.g Zimbabwe , India, Angola, Sudan ,
Malawi
 Non Renewable Resource
• A resource that once used up can not be
used again.
• Eg coal ,oil
 North South Divide
• A line drawn by economists on a world map
dividing the wealthy MEDC countries from
the poorer LEDC countries
 Sustainable development
• Sustainable development is development
that meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.
 Indicators of Development
• Development means different things to
different people so how do we measure it?
• Economic Indicators : are used to measure
a countries wealth.
Gross Domestic Product [ G.D.P]

• The total value of all goods and

services produced in a country in
one year.

• Very important learn definition

 Gross National Product [G.N.P]

• The total value of all goods and

services produced by a country in
one year including foreign
investments and earnings

• Not so important , but still learn

 Employment
• Formal sector , people who sign an employment
contract ,receive a fixed salary or wage, pay
income tax and receive benefits eg medical aid ,
pension fund , maternity leave .e.g teacher , shop
assistant , bank teller , doctor
• Informal employment : these people work on an
informal basis , they do not have an employment
contract , often do not get a fixed wage , holidays
or fixed working hours . May be an entrepreneur
working for themselves or may be informally
employed by some one else . Usually receive no
benefits , no work , no pay . Street seller , Car
guard , taxi driver , Shabeen owner
• Unemployed : has no work
 Economic Activities
• Primary activities : making money directly from
the land : Farming , Fishing , Forestry ,Mining
• Secondary Activities : making something ,using
raw materials . E.g making furniture from wood ,
textiles from wool or cotton , clothes from the
textiles , cars from steel .
• Tertiary Activities : providing a service [ doing
something for someone else ] teacher , doctor , car
guard , shop owner , financial advisor .
• Quaternary Activities: working in
communications , IT , research and training. Cell
phone operator , website designer
 Trade
• Balance of trade : the difference between
the value of goods imported and the value
of goods exported .
• [ very important : learn]
• If a country imports more than they export ,
they have a negative balance of trade or trade
deficit .
• This is a poor economic indicator
 Social Indicators
• used to measure peoples standard of living
[ wealth ,nutrition]
• and quality of life
[Political freedom , leisure , health ]
• Education levels : Levels of education and
Literacy ability to read and write .
• Standard of Living : Access to services like
water , electricity and health.
• Nutrition levels : Access to food and nutrition.
• Demographic indicators : Birth rate , death rate ,
infant mortality rate , Life expectancy , population
growth rate , and fertility rate .
• Level of Urbanisation: How many people live in
cities and how many live in rural areas. The more
developed a country , the higher the level of
urbanisation.
 Task
• Exercise : Complete the table below
comparing MEDC’s with LEDC’s , give
explainations where applicable
 • LEDC

Birth Rate • High birth rate ,Poor medical

care , less access to birth
control , women stay at home ,
expected to have kids .
• Women marry young .
• Cultural expectations , need for
children to look after you in old
age

• MEDC
• Low Birth rate due to better
access to medical care and birth
control
• Women are better educated
have careers choose if and
when to have children
• Women marry later – less time
to have kids
• Elderly have pensions , do not
need children for financial
reasons in old age
 Death Rate
• MEDC • LEDC
• Low • High
• Good access to health • Poor health care
care • Not enough food for
• Eat well everyone to eat well
• Work is mental • Work is physical
• People live longer • People die young
 Infant Mortality
• MEDC • LEDC
• Low • High
• Good health care • Poor health care
• Mother see • Babies often born at
gynocologists/ mid- home
wives • Poor nutrition for
• Babies born in mother and child
hospital
• Good nutrition
 Nutrition
• MEDC • LEDC
• Good • Poor
• People can afford food • People eat staples like
• Educated about good diet maize, rice ,bread . Can’t
• afford to each much
May be too much food –
protein or fresh fruit .
obesity
• Poor nutrition leads to
poor health . And low life
expectancy
 Availability of services
• MEDC • LEDC
• Medical care and • Most services are not
education are easily easy to obtain and are
available and in many more expensive than
countries free. in MEDC’s
• People can afford
services like power ,
water internet cell
phones
 Education Levels
• MEDC • LEDC
• Most learners go on to • Most learners do not
tertiary education get more than a
primary education .
Girls are less likely to
get educated than
boys.
 Life expecancy
• MEDC • LEDC
• Live longer due to • Live a shorter life due
medical care , good to poor medical care ,
nutrition and mental poor nutrition and
work hard physical work.
• Average life • Average life
expectancy about 75 expectancy about 50
years years
 The Human Development Index
• Indexes bring together a number of different
criteria to measure development .
• The Human Development Index [HDI] is used to
measure quality of life . It combines life
expectancy , levels of education and G.D.P per
capita .[ per person] . Zero [0] is the lowest
possible rating , while One [1] is the highest .
South Africa rates 121 on a list of 177 .
 The worst 10 countries
• Sierra Leone ,
• Niger ,
• Burkina Faso ,
• Mali ,
• Burundi ,
• Guinea-Bissau,
• Mozambique,
• Ethiopia,
• Central African Republic ,
• Chad.
• [Note 10 of the 10 are in Africa]
 Quality of Life Index
• Recently economists developed a new index to try and work out how
satisfied or happy a population was.
• Sometimes called the Happiness Index.
• The following criteria were used :
• Health ,
• political stability ,
• family life ,
• community life ,
• job security ,
• freedom ,
• gender equality ,
• material wellbeing .
• Countries were given a rating between one [lowest] and ten [ highest].
 Problems with Indices
Development Index’s need to be used with care
because they can be misleading . For example :
Indices are an average for the whole population
of a country, They do not reflect the fact that with in
the country some people have a much higher
standard of living than others .
 Often data used in indices is out of date , or
hard to collect . Some countries do not publish
statistics which reflect badly on their government .
e.g Zimbabwe.
• Ireland scored 8.33 and is ranked the
best country in the world ,
• South Africa scored 5.2 and is ranked at
92 .
• Although the United States of America
is the richest country with a GDP
41.592 dollars per person it is only
ranked at 13 in the world on this index.
Study the Quality of life Index for 2006 [ on separate
sheet ]and answer the following questions.
1. State which country had the Highest quality of life in 2006 France
2. In which categories did it score really well . Leisure and culture ,
freedom , health , risk and saftey
3. State which country had the lowest quality of life in 2006 Iraq
4. Suggest a reason for this low score. At War
5. Give South Africa’s final score . 68 / 6,8
6. In which areas did South Africa score well. Freedom and climate
7. In which areas did South Africa perform badly . Economy , Health
8. Suggest two reasons why the score for Zimbabwe is not realistic.
Data is out of date , Government is not releasing the correct data ,
Government does not want to look bad so is releasing wrong
data[ lying]
 Task : make a list of words ,
ideas that describe the
development in :
• MEDC • LEDC
• E.g Rich • E,g Poor

Use your list to complete the two summary diagrams below

 haves North High
income
Rich

Good
First world MEDC education

Economically Low
developed birth rate
High HDI
Industrialised
 Third poor
world Have-nots

Less Low
economically income
developed

LEDC
south

Low Agrarian High Poor

HDI [farmers] Birth rate education