PROGRAMMING WITH PYTHON

UNIT-I :: INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Introduction
 History

 Features

 Applications

 First Python Program

 Variables

 Data Types

 Numbers

 Operators and I/O Statements

 PROGRAMMING WITH PYTHON
UNIT-I CONTROL STATEMENTS
Control Statements
 Conditional Statements

 Indentation

 Looping Statements

 The else suite

 Break

 Continue

 Pass

 Assert

 Return
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

What is Python ?
Python is an general purpose , interpreted, object-oriented,
high-level programming language with dynamic semantics.

It was created by Guido van Rossum in 1991 and further

developed by the Python Software Foundation.

It was designed with an emphasis on code readability, and its

syntax allows programmers to express their concepts in fewer
lines of code.
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Why Python ?
 Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux,
Raspberry Pi, etc).
 Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.

 Python has syntax that allows developers to write programs

with fewer lines than some other programming languages.
 Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can
be executed as soon as it is written.
 Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-oriented
way or a functional way.
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Why Python ?

 Python supports modules and packages.

 Python provides a huge collection of standard
library
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Python Syntax compared to other programming
languages
Python was designed for readability, and has some similarities
to the English language with influence from mathematics.
Python uses new lines to complete a command, as opposed to
other programming languages which often use semicolons or
parentheses.
Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to define
scope; such as the scope of loops, functions and classes. Other
programming languages often use curly-brackets for this
purpose.
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
History of Python
Python laid its foundation in the late 1980s.
The implementation of Python was started in December 1989 by
Guido Van Rossum at CWI in Netherland.
In February 1991, Guido Van Rossum published the code (labeled
version 0.9.0) to alt.sources.
In 1994, Python 1.0 was released with new features like lambda,
map, filter, and reduce.
Python 2.0 added new features such as list comprehensions, garbage
collection systems.
On December 3, 2008, Python 3.0 (also called "Py3K") was
released. It was designed to rectify the fundamental flaw of the
language.
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

History of Python
 ABC programming language is said to be the
predecessor of Python language, which was capable of
Exception Handling and interfacing with the Amoeba
Operating System.
 The following programming languages influence
Python:
 ABC language.
 Modula-3
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Features of Python
 High Level Language

 Object Oriented Language

 Scalable

 Extensible

 Portable

 Easy to Read, Learn and Maintain

 Interpreted Language

 Free and Open Source

 Large Standard Library

 Dynamically Typed Language

 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Features of Python
High Level Language
Python is a high-level language. When we write programs in
python, we do not need to remember the system architecture,
nor do we need to manage the memory. It is easy to
understand ,

Object Oriented Language

One of the key features of python is Object-Oriented
programming. OOP allows for associating specific behaviors,
characteristics, and/or capabilities with the data that they
execute on.
It is actually a pleasant mix of multiple programming
paradigms.
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Features of Python
Scalable
Python provides basic building blocks on which you can build
an application, and as those needs expand and grow, Python's
pluggable and modular architecture allows your project to
flourish as well as maintain manageability

Extensible
Python is a Extensible language. We can write us some Python
code into C or C++ language and also we can compile that
code in C/C++ language.
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Features of Python
Portable
Python language is also a portable language. For example, if
we have python code for windows and if we want to run this
code on other platforms such as Linux, Unix, and Mac then we
do not need to change it, we can run this code on any platform.

Easy to Read, Learn and Maintain

Python is extremely easy to learn.
Python has relatively few keywords, simple structure, and a
clearly defined syntax
The indentation used instead of curly braces in Python makes
it very easy to read Python code
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Features of Python
Intrepreted Language
Python is an Interpreted Language because Python code is
executed line by line at a time. The source code of python is
converted into an immediate form called bytecode

Free and Open Source

Python is an open-source programming language and one can
download it for free
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Features of Python
Large Standard Library
Python has a large standard library which provides a rich set
of module and functions. There are many libraries present in
python for such as regular expressions, unit-testing, web
browsers, etc

Dynamically Type Language

Python is a dynamically-typed language. That means the type
(for example- int, double, long, etc.) for a variable is decided
at run time not in advance because of this feature we don’t
need to specify the type of variable.
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Applications of Python

Python is used in many application domains.

 Web and Internet Development

 Scientific and Numeric

 Desktop GUIs

 Software Development

 Business Applications

 Image Processing Application

 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Applications of Python
Web and Internet Development
Python is used to develop web applications.
It provides libraries to handle internet protocols such as HTML
and XML, JSON, Email processing, request….
One of Python web-framework named Django is used on
Instagram.
Python provides many useful frameworks, and these are given
below:
Django and Pyramid framework(Use for heavy applications)
Flask and Bottle (Micro-framework)
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Applications of Python
Scientific and Numeric
Python is widely used in scientific and numeric computing:
It consists of many scientific and mathematical libraries, which
makes easy to solve complex calculations.
SciPy,
Pandas,
NumPy,
Scikit-learn
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Applications of Python
Desktop GUIs
Python provides a Tk GUI library to develop a user interface.
Some popular GUI libraries are given below.

 Tkinter or Tk
 wxWidgetM

 Kivy (used for writing multitouch applications )

 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Applications of Python
Software Development
 Python is often used as a support language for
software developers, for build control and
management, testing, and in many other ways.
 SCons for build control.

 Buildbot and Apache Gump for automated

continuous compilation and testing.
 Roundup or Trac for bug tracking and project
management.
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Applications of Python
Business Applications
Python is also used to build ERP and e-commerce
systems:
Odoo is an all-in-one management software that offers
a range of business applications that form a complete
suite of enterprise management applications.
Tryton is a three-tier high-level general purpose
application platform.
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Applications of Python
Image Process Applications
 Python contains many libraries that are used to work with the
image. The image can be manipulated according to our
requirements. Some libraries of image processing are given
below.
 OpenCV

 Pillow

 SimpleITK
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
1. Select Version of Python to Install
2. Download Python Executable Installer
[ Visit https://www.python.org/downloads/, select the
version of python to be installed]
3.Run the Python Executable Installer
----Select Install Now ,Install Launcher for all users and
Select Add Python 3.x version to PATH
4. Installation completes ,close the window.
WRITING FIRST PYTHON PROGRAM
 Open Notepad
 Type the following python statement

print(“Hello World”)
save the file as file_name.py

Open command line prompt

Execute the above file by typing the command

D:>python file_name.py
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Variables
 A variable is a name given to a memory location.
 It is the basic unit of storage in a program.

 The value stored in a variable can be changed during program

execution.
 Python is not “statically typed”.

 We do not need to declare variables before using them or

declare their type.
 A variable is created the moment we first assign a value to it.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Rules for Naming Variables in Python
 A variable name must start with a letter or the
underscore character.

Ex: age, first_name, _color

 A variable name cannot start with a number.

Invalid variable names Ex: 1age, 1sum, 9_score

UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric
characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ ).

 Variable names are case-sensitive (name, Name and

NAME are three different variables).

 The reserved words(keywords) cannot be used naming

the variable
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 Declaring the variable

variable_name=value
Ex: number = 30
name = “John”

Re-Declaring the variable

a=40
print(a)
a=78
print(a)
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Variable Declaration

 Assigning a single value to multiple variables

ex: a=b=c=30
 Assigning different values to multiple variables

ex: a,b,c=35,56,78

 Local Variables
 Global Variables
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
Data types are the classification or categorization of data
items.

It represents the kind of value that tells what operations

can be performed on a particular data.

Since everything is an object in Python programming, data

types are actually classes and variables are instance
(object) of these classes.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 DATA TYPES IN PYTHON

Following are the standard or built-in data type of Python:

 Numeric
 Sequence Type

 Boolean

 Set

 Dictionary
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Numeric Data Type

 It represents the data which has numeric value. Numeric

value can be integer, floating number or even complex
numbers.

 These values are defined as int, float and complex class

in Python.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Numeric Data Type
Integers – This value is represented by int class. It contains
positive or negative whole numbers (without fraction or
decimal). In Python there is no limit to how long an integer
value can be.

Float – This value is represented by float class. It is a real

number with floating point representation. It is specified by a
decimal point. Optionally, the character e or E followed by a
positive or negative integer may be appended to specify
scientific notation.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Numeric Data Type

Complex Numbers – Complex number is represented by

complex class. It is specified as
(real part) + (imaginary part)j.

For example – 2+3j

UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 # Python program to demonstrate numeric value
a=5
print("Type of a: ", type(a))
b = 5.0
print("\nType of b: ", type(b))
c = 2 + 4j
print("\nType of c: ", type(c))

Output:
Type of a: <class 'int'>
Type of b: <class 'float'>
Type of c: <class 'complex'>
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Sequence Type
Sequence is the ordered collection of similar or different data
types.
Sequences allows to store multiple values in an organized and
efficient fashion.

There are several sequence types in Python –

 String
 List
 Tuple
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 String type
The string can be defined as the sequence of characters
represented in the quotation marks.
In Python, we can use single, double, or triple quotes to define
a string.

 The operator + is used to concatenate two strings as the

operation "hello"+" python" returns "hello python".
 The operator * is known as a repetition operator as the
operation "Python" *2 returns 'Python Python'.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Creating Strings
Single Quote String
String1=‘String type in Python’

Double quote string

String2=“String type in Python”

TripleQuote String
String3=‘ ‘ ‘ String in triple quotes ’ ’ ’

s = '''''A multiline
string'''
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON

 str1 = 'hello javatpoint‘ #string str1

 str2 = ' how are you' #string str2
 print (str1[0:2])
#printing first two character using slice operator
 print (str1[4]) #printing 4th character of the string

 print (str1*2) #printing the string twice

 print (str1 + str2) #printing the concatenation of str1 and

str2
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
 LIST
Python Lists can contain data of different types.
The items stored in the list are separated with a comma (,) and
enclosed within square brackets [].

Elements of list are accessed using index operator ‘[ ]’.

We can use slice [:] operators to access the data of the list.

The concatenation operator (+) and repetition operator (*)

works with the list in the same way as they were working
with the strings.
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
 Creating an Empty List
list = [ ]
print(list)

 Creating a List
list1=[1,’”hi”,”python”,2]
print(list1)

Multidimensional List
list2=[[‘red’,’blue’],25,56]
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON

 Accessing Elements of List

list1=[1,’”hi”,”python”,2]
print(list1[1])
print(list1[0:2])—accesses first 2 elements
print(list1[-1])– accesses the last element of the list

In Python, negative sequence indexes represent positions

from the end of the array
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
 TUPLE
 A tuple is similar to the list in many ways.

 Tuples also contain the collection of the items of

different data types.
 The items of the tuple are separated with a comma (,)
and enclosed in parentheses ().

A tuple is a read-only data structure as we can't modify

the size and value of the items of a tuple.
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
 TUPLE
creating an empty tuple
tuple1=( )
print(tuple1)

creating a tuple
t1=(‘science’,’social’)
print(t1)

creating a Tuple with the use of list

list1 = [1, 2, 4, 5, 6]
print(tuple(list1))
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
 TUPLE
creating a tuple with built in function tuple()
t2=tuple(‘science’,’social’,’english’)
print(t2)

Operations on tuple
tup = ("hi", "Python", 2)
print (tup[1:])
print (tup[0:1])
print (tup + tup)
print (tup * 3)
t[2] = "hi"
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
 BOOLEAN
Boolean type provides two built-in values, True and False.
It denotes by the class bool.
True can be represented by any non-zero value or 'T'
whereas false can be represented by the 0 or 'F‘
Example:
print(type(True))
print(type(False))
print(type(true))

Output: <class 'bool'>

<class 'bool'>
NameError: name 'true' is not defined
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
 SET
 Python Set is the unordered collection of the data type.
 It is iterable, mutable(can modify after creation), and
has unique elements.
 In set, the order of the elements is undefined;
 Sets can be created by using the built-in set()
function with an iterable object or
 a sequence by placing the sequence inside curly
braces, separated by ‘comma’.
 Various mixed-up data type values can also be passed
to the set.
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
set1 = set()
print("Initial blank Set: ")
print(set1)

set2 = {'James', 2, 3,'Python'}

set2.add(10)
set2.remove(2)

set1 = set([1, 2, 'Geeks', 4, 'For', 6, 'Geeks'])

print(set1)
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON

Set using String

set1 = set(“HelloWorld") /// string

Set using List

 set1 = set([”Hello", ”World", ”Python"])
 DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
 Dictionary

Dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of data values ,

used to store data values like a map.

Each data element in dictionary is a key: value pair

Each key-value pair in a Dictionary is separated by a colon : and

each data element is separated by a ‘comma’.

Values in a dictionary can be of any datatype and can be duplicated,

whereas keys can’t be repeated and must be immutable.
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
 # Creating an empty Dictionary
Dict = { }
print("Empty Dictionary: ")
print(Dict)

 # Creating a Dictionary with Integer Keys

Dict = {1: ‘Eng', 2: ‘Maths', 3: ‘Social'}
print("Dictionary with use of Integer Keys: ")
print(Dict)
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON

 # Creating a Dictionary with Mixed keys

Dict = {'Name': ‘Java', 1: [1, 2, 3, 4]}
print(“Dictionary with use of Mixed Keys: ")
print(Dict)

 Creating a Dictionary with dict() method

Dict = dict({1: ‘Java', 2: ‘C', 3:’Python'})
print("Dictionary with the use of dict(): ")
print(Dict)
DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
 # Creating a Dictionary with each item as a Pair
Dict = dict([(1, ‘Welcome'), (2, ‘To')])
print(“Dictionary with each item as a pair: ")
print(Dict)

 Accessing the elements of dictionary

colors={ 1:’red’,2:’green’, ‘colornew’:’magenta’}
print(colors[1]) by key
print(colors[‘colornew’])
colors.get(2)
print(colors.keys())
print(colors.values())
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 NUMBERS
 Numbers provide literal or scalar storage and direct access.
 A number is also an immutable type, meaning that changing
or updating its value results in a newly allocated object.
 Python has several numeric types:
• "plain" integers,
• long integers,
• Boolean,
• double-precision floating point real numbers,
• decimal floating point numbers, and
• complex numbers.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 NUMBERS
 Create and Assign Numbers (Number Objects)

Creating numbers is as simple as assigning a value to a

variable:
 anInt = 1 anInt=25
 aLong = -999999999999L
 aFloat = 3.1415926535897932384626433
 aComplex = 1.23+4.56J

Updating Number
We can "update" an existing number by (re)assigning a
variable to another number.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 NUMBERS
In Python, variables act like pointers that point to boxes.
Every time you assign another number to a variable, we are
creating a new object and assigning it.

anInt += 1
aFloat = 2.71828

To delete a reference to a number object, use the del statement

del anInt
del aLong, aFloat, aComplex
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 Integers
 Boolean :
 The Boolean type was introduced in Python 2.3.

 Objects of this type have two possible values,

True and False.

 Booleans are sub classed from integers but cannot themselves
be further derived
 Python objects typically have a Boolean False value for any
numeric zero or empty set.
 If used in an arithmetic context, Boolean values True and False
will take on their numeric equivalents of 1 and 0
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 Integers
 Boolean :
 Most of the standard library and built-in Boolean functions that
previously returned integers will now return Booleans
Ex: bool(1), returns True
bool(0), returns False
bool(‘1’),returns True
bool(‘0’), returns False
bool([]), retiurns False
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Using booleans Numerically

>>>foo=42
>>> bar=foo<100
>>> bar
True
>>> print bar +100
101
>>> print ‘%s’ % bar
True

>>> print ‘%d’ % bar

1
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 Standard (plain) Integers

They are often called just integers or ints, are positive or
negative whole numbers with no decimal point.

Python integers are implemented as (signed) longs in C

Integers are normally represented in base 10 decimal format,

base 8 or base 16 representation.
Octal values have a "0" prefix, and hexadecimal values have
either "0x" or "0X" prefixes

Ex: 0101 84 -237 0x80 017 -680 -0X92

UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 Long Integers
Also called longs, they are integers of unlimited size, written
like integers and followed by an uppercase or lowercase L.
Values can be expressed in decimal, octal, or hexadecimal.
The following are examples of longs:

16384L
-0x4E8L
017L
-2147483648l
052144364L
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 Double Precision Floating Point Numbers

Floats in Python are implemented as C doubles,
Also called floats, they represent real numbers and are
written with a decimal point dividing the integer and
fractional parts.
Floats may also be in scientific notation, with E or e
indicating the power of 10 (2.5e2 = 2.5 x 102 = 250)..
Here are some floating point values:
0.0, 1.6, -4.3e25
9.384e-23 , -2.172818 , float(12)
4.2E-10, 6.022e23 , -1.609E-1
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 Complex Numbers
Complex numbers are made up of real and imaginary
parts
Syntax for a complex number: real + imag j
Both real and imaginary components are floating point
values
Imaginary part is suffixed with letter "J" lowercase (j) or
uppercase (J)

Ex:
64.375+1j , 4.23-8.5j , 0.23-8.55j
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 Complex Numbers
num=34.56 + 76.23 j
 Attribute Description
num.real Real component of complex number
num.imag Imaginary component of complex number
num.conjugate() Returns complex conjugate of num
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 Type Conversions in Python

Python defines type conversion functions to directly convert
one data type to another .
 There are two types of Type Conversion in Python:

Implicit Type Conversion---

In Implicit type conversion of data types in Python, the
Python interpreter automatically converts one data type to
another without any user involvement.
Ex: x=10 y=10.2
print(type(x)) print(type(y))
<class ‘int’> <class ‘float’>
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Explicit Type Conversion
In Explicit Type Conversion in Python, the data type is
manually changed by the user as per their requirement.

Various forms of explicit type conversion are

1. int(a, base): This function converts any data type to integer.

‘Base’ specifies the base in which string is if the data type is a
string.
Ex: a=“10010”
b=int(a,2)
c=int(a)
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
2.float(): This function is used to convert any data type to
a floating-point number .

3. ord() : This function is used to convert a character to

integer.

4. hex() : This function is to convert integer to

hexadecimal string.

5. oct() : This function is to convert integer to octal

string.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
# initializing string
s = "10010"

# printing string converting to int base 2

c = int(s,2)
print ("After converting to integer base 2 :”)
print (c)

# printing string converting to float

e = float(s)
print ("After converting to float : ")
print (e)
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
# printing character converting to integer
c = ord(s)
print (c)

# printing integer converting to hexadecimal string

c = hex(56)
print (c)

# printing integer converting to octal string

c = oct(56)
print (c)
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

6.tuple() : This function is used to convert to a tuple.

7. set() : This function returns the type after converting to

set.

8. list() : This function is used to convert any data type to

a list type.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
# initializing string
s = ‘java'
# printing string converting to tuple
c = tuple(s)
print (c)

# printing string converting to set

c = set(s)
print (c)

# printing string converting to list

c = list(s)
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

9.dict() : This function is used to convert a tuple of order

(key,value) into a dictionary.

10. str() : Used to convert integer into a string.

11. complex(real,imag) : This function converts real

numbers to complex(real,imag) number.

12. chr(number): This function converts number to its

corresponding ASCII character.
# initializing integers
a=1
b=2
# initializing tuple
tup = (('a', 1) ,('f', 2), ('g', 3))

# printing integer converting to complex number

c = complex(1,2)
print (c)

# printing integer converting to string

c = str(a)
print (c)

# printing tuple converting to expression dictionary

c = dict(tup)
print (c)
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 OPERATORS

Operators in general are used to perform operations on

values and variables.

These are standard symbols used for the purpose of

logical and arithmetic operations.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 OPERATORS

Python divides the operators in the following groups:

 Arithmetic operators

 Assignment operators

 Comparison operators

 Logical operators

 Identity operators

 Membership operators

 Bitwise operators
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Arithmetic Operators
 Arithmetic operators are used to performing mathematical operations
like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Assignment Operators
 Assignment operators are used to assigning values to the
variables.

a+=b, a=a+b
a-=b, a=a-b
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Comparison Operators
 Comparison operators are used to compare two values.
The result is always a boolean value – True or False.
 == returns True if both the values are equal.
 != returns True if both the operands are not equal.
 > returns True if the left operand is greater than the right
operand.
 < returns True if the left operand is less than the right operand.
 >= returns True if the left value is greater than or equal to the right
value.
 <= returns True if the left value is less than or equal to the right
value.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Logical Operators

There are three logical operators in Python

 and- Returns True if both statements are true

ex :x < 5 and x < 10

or--- Returns True if one of the statements is true
ex : x < 5 or x < 4
not --Reverse the result, returns False if the result is true
ex : not(x < 5 and x < 10)
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Identity Operators
 Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are
equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same
memory location:

 is Returns True if both variables are the same

object x is y
 is not Returns True if both variables are not the same object x is
not y
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Membership Operators
 Membership operators are used to checking the presence
of a value in a sequence. There are two membership
operators in Python.
 in

 not in
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Bitwise Operators
 They are also called binary operators and they work on
integers only. The operand values are converted to binary
and then the operation is perform on every bit.

& -Bitwise AND operator

| - Bitwise OR operator
^ - Bitwise XOR operator
~ - Binary ones’ complement operator
<< - Binary left shift operator
>> - Binary right shift operator
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Input And Output
input()
Python input() function is used to get input from the user.
It prompts for the user input and reads a line. After reading
data, it converts it into a string and returns that.

Syntax : input(‘prompt’) ///python 3.0

raw_input() //// python 2
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Output

Print() function is used to output data to the standard

output device (screen)

Syntax:
print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout,
flush=False)
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Here, objects is the value(s) to be printed.
 The sep separator is used between the values. It defaults
into a space character.
 After all values are printed, end is printed. It defaults
into a new line.
 The file is the object where the values are printed and its
default value is sys.stdout (screen).
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Examples
print(1, 2, 3, 4)
print(1, 2, 3, 4, sep='*')
print(1, 2, 3, 4, sep='#', end='&')
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Formatting string output
Two approaches for string formatting,
f-strings and str.format()

f-string syntax : By starting a string with f or F before opening

quotation marks or triple quotation marks.

In this string, we can write Python expressions between

{ and } that can refer to a variable or any literal value.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Ex:
name=‘John’
print(f “hello {name} how are you”)

print(f“ Hello, {name}. In 50 years, you'll be {age + 50}.”)

UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 str.format()
x = 5; y = 10
print('The value of x is {} and y is {}'.format(x,y))

print('I like {0} and {1}'.format('bread','butter'))

print('I like {1} and {0}'.format('bread','butter'))

print('Hello {name}, {greeting}‘

.format(greeting = 'Goodmorning', name = 'John'))
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Control Statements
Following are the conditional statements used in python:
a. if-statement

b. if-else statement

c. if-elif-else ladder

d. nested-if statements

e. shorthand if statement

f. shorthand if-else statement

UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 if statement
It is the most simple decision-making statement. It is
used to decide whether a certain statement or block of
statements will be executed or not based up on the
condition’s truth value.

Syntax:
if condition:
# Statements to execute
# if condition is true
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 if statement
python uses indentation to identify a block. So the block
under an if statement will be identified as shown in the
below example:

if condition:
statement1
statement2

# Here if the condition is true, if block

# will consider only statement1 to be inside
# its block.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Example of if-stmt

i = 10
if (i > 15):
print("10 is less than 15")
print("I am Not in if")
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 If-else Statement
Syntax:
if (condition):
# Executes this block if
# condition is true
else:
# Executes this block if
# condition is false
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Example of if-else

i = 20
if (i < 15):
print("i is smaller than 15")
print("i'm in if Block")
else:
print("i is greater than 15")
print("i'm in else Block")
print("i'm not in if and not in else Block")
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 nested-if
Nested if statements mean an if statement inside another
if statement.

if (condition1):
# Executes when condition1 is true
if (condition2):
# Executes when condition2 is true
# if Block is end here
# if Block is end here
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Nested-if example
i = 10
if (i == 10):
if (i < 15):
print("i is smaller than 15")
if (i < 12):
print("i is smaller than 12 too")
else:
print("i is greater than 15")
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
if-elif-else ladder
The if statements are executed from the top down.
As soon as one of the conditions controlling the if is
true, the statement associated with that if is executed,
and the rest of the ladder is bypassed.
If none of the conditions is true, then the final else
statement will be executed.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Syntax:

if (condition):
statement
elif (condition):
statement
..
else:
statement
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Control Statements
i = 20
if (i == 10):
print("i is 10")
elif (i == 15):
print("i is 15")
elif (i == 20):
print("i is 20")
else:
print("i is not present")
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Short Hand if statement
A single statement to be executed inside the if block can
be represented using shorthand notation. The statement
can be put on the same line as the if statement.

Syntax:
if condition: statement

i = 10
if i < 20: print("i is less than 15")
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Short Hand if-else statement
This can be used to write the if-else statements in a single line
where there is only one statement to be executed in both if
and else block.

Syntax:
stmnt_when_True if condition else stmnt_when_False

i = 10
print(True) if i < 15 else print(False)
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Loops
Python For loop is used for sequential traversal i.e. it is used
for iterating over an iterable like string, tuple, list, etc.

Syntax:
for var in iterable:
# statements

l = [“php", “c", “java"]

for i in l:
print(i)
 Python for loop with else
Python allows us to use the else condition with for loops.
Note: The else block just after for/while is executed only
when the loop is NOT terminated by a break statement

Example:

for i in range(1, 4):

print(i)
else:
print("No Break\n")
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 While loop
Python While Loop is used to execute a block of
statements repeatedly until a given condition is satisfied.

while expression:
statement(s)

Example:
Count = 0
while (count < 3):
count = count + 1
print(“count is“,count)
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 While loop with else
 When the condition becomes false, the statement
immediately after the loop is executed.
 The else clause is only executed when your while
condition becomes false. If you break out of the loop, or
if an exception is raised, it won’t be executed.
i=0
while i < 4:
i += 1
print(i)
else:
print("No Break\n")
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Break statement
 Break statement in Python is used to bring the control
out of the loop when some external condition is
triggered. Break statement is put inside the loop body
(generally after if condition).

 Continue statement is a loop control statement that

forces to execute the next iteration of the loop while
skipping the rest of the code inside the loop for the
current iteration only
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Python pass Statement
 The pass statement is a null statement.

 The pass statement is generally used as a placeholder i.e.

when the user does not know what code to write.
 Place pass where empty code is not allowed, like in
loops, function definitions, class definitions, or in if
statements.

Ex: def calcSalary:

pass
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Example-break statement
for val in "string":
if val == "i":
break
print(val)
print("The end")

Example-continue statement
for val in "string":
if val == "i":
continue
print(val)
print("The end")
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 assert
Assertions in any programming language are the
debugging tools that help in the smooth flow of code.

Assertion is the boolean expression that checks if the

statement is True or False.

If the statement is true then it does nothing and continues

the execution, but if the statement is False then it stops
the execution of the program and throws an error.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 assert Keyword in Python

This statement takes as input a boolean condition, which
when returns true doesn’t do anything and continues the
normal flow of execution, but if it is computed to be
false, then it raises an AssertionError along with the
optional message provided.

Syntax : assert condition, error_message

UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 Parameters :
condition : The boolean condition returning true or
false.
error_message : The optional argument to be printed in
console in case of AssertionError

Returns :
Returns AssertionError, in case the condition evaluates
to false along with the error message which when
provided.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
return
 A return statement is used to end the execution of the
function call and “returns” the result to the caller.

 The statements after the return statements are not executed.

 If the return statement is without any expression, then the

special value None is returned.
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Return
Syntax :
def fun():
statements
..

return [expression]
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Returning Multiple Values
Using Object: Similar to C/C++ and Java, we can create a class to hold
multiple values and return an object of the class.
class Test:
msg=“welcome”
age=20

def fun():
return Test()
t = fun()
print(t.msg)
print(t.age)
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

 Returning Multiple Values

 Using Tuple:

def fun():
str = “helloworld"
x = 20
return str, x;

str, x = fun() # Assign returned tuple

print(str)
print(x)
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
 Returning Multiple Values
Using List:
def fun():
str = “helloworld"
x = 20
return [str, x];

list = fun()
print(list)
Using Dictionary
def fun():
d = dict();
d['str'] = “hello world"
d['x'] = 20
return d

# Driver code to test above method

d = fun()
print(d)