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Newton Raphson Method

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28 views9 pages

Newton Raphson Method

Uploaded by

R Durjoy
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CSE 325

Numerical Methods

Sadia Tasnim Barsha


Lecturer, CSE, SU
Newton-Raphson Method
Let x0 be an approximate root of f (x) = 0 and let x1 = x0 + h be the
correct root so that f (x1) = 0.
Expanding f (x0 + h) by Taylor’s series, we obtain
f (x0) + h f ’(x0) + h2/2! f ’’(x0) + ….. = 0
Neglecting the second and higher order derivatives, we have
f (x0) + h f ’(x0) = 0
which gives h = - f (x0) / f ’(x0)
A better approximation than x0 is therefore given by x1, where
x1 = x0 - f (x0) / f ’(x0)
Successive approximations are given by x2, x3, x4, …., xn+1, where
Xn+1 = xn - f (xn) / f ’(xn)
which is called the Newton-Raphson formula.
The process will be continued till the absolute difference between two
successive approximations is less than the specified error E i,e, |
Newton-Raphson Method
■ Algorithm: Newton-Raphson Method
1.Assign an initial value for x, say x0 and stopping
criterion E.
2.Compute f (x0) and f ‘(x0).
3.Find the improved estimate of x0
4.x1 = x0 – f (x0) / f ’(x0)
5.Check for accuracy of the latest estimate.
6.If | x1-x0 | < E then stop; otherwise continue.
7.Replace x0 by x1 and repeat steps 3 and 4.
Newton-Raphson Method
Example: Find the root of the equation
f (x) = x2 – 3x + 2 using Newton-Raphson method.
Solution: Here, f ’(x) = 2x – 3
Let x1 = 0 (First approximation)
x2 = x1 – f (x1) / f ’(x1) = 0 – 2 / (-3) = 2/3 = 0.6667
Similarly,
x3 = 0.6667 – 0.4444/-1.6667 = 0.9333
x4 = 0.9333 – 0.071/-1.334= 0.9959
x5 = 0.6667 – 0.0041/-1.0082 = 0.9999
x6 = 0.6667 – 0.0001/-1.0002 = 1.0000
Since f (1.0) = 0, The root closer to the point x = 0 is
Newton-Raphson Method
Limitations of Newton-Raphson method
The Newton-Raphson method has certain limitations and
pitfalls. The method will fail in the following situations.
■ Division by zero may occur if f ’(xi) is zero or very close
to zero.
■ If the initial guess is too far away from the required root,
the process may converge to some other root.
■ A particular value in the iteration sequence may repeat,
resulting in an infinite loop. This occurs when the tangent
to the curve f (x) at x = xi+1 cuts the x-axis again at x =
xi.
End

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