The Structure
and the Design
of the Planet
Earth
GROUP 2
PRESENTED BY:
RHEA MAE BOLODO RICA FAITH DESTACAMENTO SWELLYN KATE SERRANO
PRESENTED TO:
MRS. CHERYL M. BICLAR
EARTH
The Earth is the third planet from the
sun and the fifth largest , most massive
and dense of the solar system’s four
terrestrial planets.
Earth sometimes referred to as the
world Blue Planet or Terra.
Home to million of species , including
human , Earth is the only place in the
universe where life is known to exist.
THE SIZE OF THE
EARTH
Eratosthenes, A Greek
Mathematician and Astronomer lived
in Alexandra, Egypt . Was one of the
first known to attempt to calculate the
actual data of the planet Earth in about
250 B.C
His method are still used as
of today, but because the data used are
gathered by more precise instrument
and method. Modern instrument used
to measure Earth such as laser,
satellites, and ground-based satellites
tracking stations .
Before the time of Isaac Newton , it
was believed that the earth was
perfectly round. However , Newton
proved that the earth’s circumference at
the poles was less than the
circumference at the equator.
SHAPE OF THE
EARTH
The Study of size and shape of
earth is called Geodesy.
Before 500 BC , people thought
that earth was flat. But Scientist
like Aristotle and Pythagoras,
People know that the shape of the
earth is spherical. How ever , Sir
Isaac Newton showed that the
earth was not a pecfect sphere, but
a compressed spheroid.
GEOLOGY
Means ‘ Study of the Earth’ ,
also known as geoscience or earth
science, Geology is the primary Earth
and loo how the earth formed its
structure and composition and the
types pf processes acting on it.
SHAPE OF THE
EARTH
Earth’s shape is known as an
Oblate Spheroid . This is
characterized by a spherical object
that is slightly flattened at its poles
and slightly bulging at its center.
The Term ‘Oblate’ refers to it’s
slightly oblong appearance . While the
Term ‘ Spheroid ‘ means that it is
almost sphere , but not quite.
MOTIONS OF THE
PLANEET EARTH
ROTATION,
REVOLUTION AND
PRECESSION
Rotation
- is the turning of an object on an axis, whereas
Revolution is motion in an orbit. Thus, the earth rotates
daily and revolves yearly around the sun. The earth rotates
from the West to East on an axis joining its North and
South poles.
Earth’s rotation
- is the rotation of the solid earth around it’s
own axis. The earth rotates from the west toward the east.
Earth rotates once in about 24 hours from the point of
view of the sun and once every 23 hours 56 minutes and 4
seconds from the point of view of the stars Earth’s rotation
is slowing slightly with time.
EARTH’S ORBIT AND
REVOLUTION
The Earth’s orbit around the Sun has many interesting
characteristic. First , the speed of our orbits is 108,000 km/H.
The Earth completes one orbit every 365. 242199 means
solar days(that might help explain the need for the Leap
Year).
Perihelion
- It is when the Earth is closest to the sun, this
occurs around January 3rd at a distance of 147,098,074 km.
Aphelion
- It is the further distance from the sun, this
happened around July 4th at a distance of 152,097,701 km.
LOCATION OF
POINTS ON THE
SURFACE OF THE
EARTH
The most common way to locate points on the
surface of the earth is by standard, geographic coordinates
called latitude and longitudes.
Latitude – is the measurement of distance north or south
of the Equator. It is measured with 180 imaginary lines that
form circles around Earth east-west, parallel to the Equator.
These lines are known as parallels.
Longitudes – measures distance east or west of the prime
meridian. Lines of longitude, also called meridians, are
imaginary lines that divide the Earth. They run north to
south from pole to pole, but they measure the distance east
or west.
We can imagine the earth as a sphere, with an
axis around which it spin. The end of the axis are the North
and South poles.
The Equator is a line around the earth, an equal
distance from both poles, it also the latitude line given the
value of 0 degrees.
EARTH’S FORMATION
AND EVOLUTION
Scientist think Earth was Formed
at roughly the same at time as the sun and
other planets 4.6 billion years ago, when the
solar system came from a giants, rotating
cloud of gas and dust known as the Solar
Nebula.
As the nebula collapsed because of
it’s gravity , it spun faster and flattened into a
disk. Most of the materials was pulled toward
the center to form the sun. Other particles
within the collided and stuck together to
form ever –larger bodies , including Earth.
EARTH’S FORMATION AND EVOLUTION
The History of Earth is divided into four eons – starting with the earliest, they are :
Hadean – Designating the time before rocks formed on the earth which was then a molten
mass, and when the solar system was forming.
Archean – It is the earliest eon of geological history or the corresponding system of rock.
Proterozoic - The younger of the two divisions of Precambrian time, the older being is
Archean.
Phanerozoic – Is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale, and the one during
which abundant animal and plant life has existed.
The first three eons, which together lasted nearly 4 billion years , are together known as
the Precambrian.
Evidence in life has been found in the Archaean about 3.8 billions years ago, but life
did not become abundant until the Phanerozoic.
HADEAN ARCHEAN
PROTEROZOIC
EARTH’S FORMATION AND EVOLUTION
The Phanerozoic is divided into three
eras – starting with the earliest , these are the
Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic.
The Paleozoic Era – saw the development of
many kinds of animals and plants in the seas and
on land.
The Mesozoic Era – was at the age of dinosaurs
The Cenozoic Era – at the age of mammals.
AGE OF THE EARTH: EVOLUTION
Many scientist today believe that:
Human began to evolve 1.4 million
years ago
Fish were seen about 500 million
years ago.
Earth’s first life forms appeared 3.5
billion years.
Our planet is roughly 4,
600,000,000 years old
STRUCTU
RE OF
THE
EARTH’S
INTERIO
LAYERS OF THE EARTH
The Earth is a dynamic
system constantly changing as matter
and energy are transferred among its
different parts. Its includes the
following subsystem.
1. Geosphere – the solid Earth
including all the materials that
comprise the crust, mantle and core.
LAYERS OF GEOSPHERE
a. Crust – The solid and relatively
thin , layer of geosphere and it lies down both
landmasses and oceans.
TYPES OF CRUST \
1. Continental – made up of mostly
granite , schist and gneiss, this type forms the
obvious continental land mass. This has a
thickness of 10 to 75 km and has a density of
2.7g/cm3.
2. Oceanic – made up of basaltic
rock , this form the seafloor of oceans. It has
thickness of 5 to 8 km and has a density of 3.0
g/cm3.
b. Mantle – the middle part of geosphere ,
sandwich between the crust and the core. This layers
accounts for about two- third of the earth’s total mass.
Earth’s crust floats on the mantle much as
a wood floats on water, and tee slow motions of rock
in the mantle shuffles continent around and causes
earthquakes, volcanoes and the formations of
mountain ranges.
Mohorovicic Discontinuity – a zone that serves as a
boundary between the crust and the mantle.
SUB PARTS OF THE MANTLE
1. Asthenosphere – is located in the
uppermost potion of the mantle, characterized as
plastic, mobile layer of the earth’s geosphere which
extends around the earth. It is believed that plates
are actually floating on this layers like giants ice
floating on the ocean.
2. Mesosphere – Comprises the rest of
the mantle. It is about 2,300km thick, and even
though temperature are higher here, this part of the
mantle is solid.
c. Core – the innermost part of the
geosphere . It is sub divided into :
1. 1. Outer Core – Earth’s liquid outer core is
about 2,300 km thick . As a result of
extremely high temperatures, this region is
made up of molten iron and nickel because
of extremely high temperature. This liquid
help produce the earth’s magnetic field.
2. 2. Inner Core – The planet’s innermost
part, is about 1,200 km thick and is made
up of solid iron and nickel. Temperature of
the inner core may reach .
3. Hydrosphere – all the water of
the earth (ocean, rivers, lakes, groundwater,
etc.) including glacier and other frozen
water.
4. Atmosphere – the envelop of
gases that surrounded the earth ( oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc); and
5. Biosphere – the sum of all
living matter on the earth.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING !