Chapter 1

Differentiation

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1.7 The Chain Rule

OBJECTIVE

• Find the composition of two functions.

• Differentiate using the Chain Rule.

A LWAY S L E A R N I N G Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide - 2

1.7 The Chain Rule

DEFINITION:

The composed function , the composition of f

and g, is defined as

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1.7 The Chain Rule

Example 1: For and

find and

 g ( x3 )
 (1  x 2 )3  1  ( x3 )2
 1  3x 2  3x 4  x 6  1  x6

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1.7 The Chain Rule

Example 2: For f ( x)  x and g ( x)  x  1,

find and ( g  f )( x).

 f ( x  1)  g( x )

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1.7 The Chain Rule
Quick Check 1

For the functions in Example 2, find:

a.)

 f ( x)  x 4x

b.)

 g ( x  1)   x  1  1  x  2

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1.7 The Chain Rule

THEOREM 9: The Chain Rule

The derivative of the composition is given by

d d
( f  g )( x)   f ( g ( x))  f '( g ( x))  g '( x).
dx dx

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1.7 The Chain Rule

Example 3: For y  2  u and u  x3  1,

dy du dy
find , , and .
du dx dx

dy 1  12 du
 u and  3x 2
du 2 dx

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
2
1 3 x
  3x 2 
2 u 2 x3  1
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1.7 The Chain Rule
Quick Check 2
dy
If y  u  u and u  x  x , find
2 2
.
dx

We will start by finding dy and du :

du dx

dy du
 2u  1  2x  1
du dx
Next we find dy , remembering to substitute 2 for when appropriate.
x x u
dx
dy dy du
   (2u  1)(2 x  1)  (2( x 2  x)  1)(2 x  1)
dx du dx

 (2 x 2  2 x  1)(2 x  1)

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1.7 The Chain Rule
Example 4: For y  u 2  3u and u  5t  1,
dy
find .
dt
dy du
 2u  3 and  5
du dt

dy dy du
   (2u  3)(5)
dt du dt
 10u  15  10(5t  1)  15

 50t  10  15  50t  25
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1.7 The Chain Rule

THEOREM 10: The Extended Power Rule

Suppose that g(x) is a differentiable function

of x. Then, for any real number k,

d k 1 d
 g  x   k  g  x   g  x 
k

dx dx

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1.7 The Chain Rule

1
Example 5: Differentiate f  x   1  x 
3 2
.

1 1
d 1
dx
1 x 3 2
  1  x   3 x 2
2
3 2 1

1
3x 2
 

 1  x 3 2
2
3x 2

2 1  x3

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1.7 The Chain Rule

Example 6:
Differentiate f  x   3 x  5   7  x  .
4 10

Combine Product Rule and Extended Power Rule

f   x   3x  5  10  7  x   1 
4 9

4 3 x  5   7  x  3 
3 10

Simplified:

f   x   2 3 x  5   7  x   67  21x 
3 9

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1.7 The Chain Rule
Quick Check 3
Differentiate: f ( x)  (2 x 2  1)
3 x  2
4 2

We will combine both the quotient rule and the chain rule:
d d
(3 x 4  2) 2  (2 x 2  1)  (2 x 2  1)  ((3 x 4  2) 2 )
f ( x)  dx dx
[(3 x  2) ]
4 2 2

(3 x 4  2) 2  (4 x)  (2 x 2  1)  (2(3 x 4  2)(12 x 3 )
f ( x) 
(3 x 4  2) 4
4 x(3 x 4  2) 2  (2 x 2  1)(72 x 7  48 x3 )
f ( x) 
(3 x 4  2) 4
36 x 5  24 x 3  8 x
f  x  
3 x 4  2 
3

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1.7 The Chain Rule

Section Summary

• The composition of f ( x) withg ( x) is written( f  g )( x) and is

defined as

• In general,

• The Chain Rule is used to differentiate a composition of functions.

If F ( x)  ( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))

Then F ( x)  d [( f  g )( x)]  f   g  x   g   x .
dx

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1.7 The Chain Rule

Section Summary Concluded

• The Extended Power Rule tells us that if y   f ( x)  , then

k

d
y  [ f ( x)]k  k[ f ( x)]k 1  f ( x).
dx

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