Welcome to INF811D-OOP

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 What is computer science?
⚫ computers?
⚫ science?
⚫ programming?
⚫ late lonely nights in front of the computer?

ALGORITHMIC THINKING

al·go·rithm:
a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or
accomplishing some end especially by a computer

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 Fields of computer science
⚫ Graphics
⚫ Computer Vision
⚫ Artificial Intelligence
⚫ Robotics
⚫ Data Mining
⚫ Natural Language Processing
⚫ User Interfaces
⚫ ...

⚫ How does this all relate to programming?

⚫ This course is “Introduction to Programming I” after
all.

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 What is programming?
⚫ program: A set of instructions
to be carried out by a computer.

⚫ program execution: The act of

carrying out the instructions
contained in a program.

⚫ programming language: A systematic set of rules used

to describe computations in a format that is editable by
humans.
⚫ We will be studying a programming language called Java.

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Programming is like Legos…

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 Should you take this course?
⚫ No
⚫ “I hate computers.”
⚫ “I don’t pay attention to details.”
⚫ Programming is fairly detail-oriented.
⚫ “I refuse to think logically.”
⚫ “I want to take an easy class.”
⚫ Hard for those who find difficulty in logical thinking and who don’t
pay attention to details.

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 Should you take this course?
⚫ Probably not
⚫ “I want free pleasure-seeking meals and to make lots
of money by working for Google.”
⚫ “Candy Crush is awesome!”
⚫ “If I wrote WhatsApp, I would have made how many
billion dollars???”
⚫ Yes
⚫ “I have to take this class.”
⚫ Is this the only reason? Are you pursuing the
right major?
⚫ “I like to solve problems.”
⚫ “Computers and robots are going to take over the world.
I want to befriend them so that my life will be spared.”
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 Tips for Success
⚫ Visit website often: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/,
W3Schools Java Tutorial,
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/
⚫ Read syllabus carefully
⚫ Do lots of problems on
JetBrains Academy Java Track,
Tutorialspoint Java,
https://leetcode.com/,

⚫ If you're stuck, review lecture and book examples

⚫ Remember: assignments must be your own work!

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 Tips for Success (cont’d)
⚫ Keep up with the assignments
⚫ The course material is cumulative
⚫ From a former student: “Procrastination will eventually
come around to bite you in the a*s!”

⚫ If you don’t understand something, ask questions

(especially “WHY?”).
⚫ “There’s no such thing as a dumb question.”
⚫ Computers are neither magical nor mysterious.
Everything can be explained!

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Building Java Programs
Week 1
Lecture 1-1: Introduction; Basic Java Programs

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 Your first Java program!
public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, world!");
}
}

⚫ File must be named Hello.java

⚫ What does this code output (print to the user) when

you run (execute) it?

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 Running a program
1. Write it.
⚫ code or source code: The set of instructions in a program.

2. Compile it.
• compile: Translate a program from one language to another.
⚫ byte code: The Java compiler converts your code into a
format named byte code that runs on many computer
types.

3. Run (execute) it.

⚫ output: The messages printed to the user by a program.
source code byte code output
compile run

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 Bigger Java program!
public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("Hello, world!");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("This program produces");
System.out.println("four lines of output");
}
}

⚫ Its output:
Hello, world!

This program produces

four lines of output

⚫ console: Text box into

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the program's output is
 Structure of a Java program
class: a program
public class name {
public static void main(String[] args) {
statement;
statement;
method: a named group
...
of statements
statement;
}
}
statement: a command to be executed

⚫ Every executable Java program consists of a class,

⚫ that contains a method named main,
⚫ that contains the statements (commands) to be executed.

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 Names and identifiers
⚫ You must give your program a name.

public class HelloWorld {

⚫ Naming convention: capitalize each word (e.g. MyClassName)

⚫ Your program's file must match exactly (HelloWorld.java)
⚫ includes capitalization (Java is "case-sensitive")

⚫ identifier: A name given to an item in your program.

⚫ must start with a letter or _ or $
⚫ subsequent characters can be any of those or a number
⚫ legal: TheCure ANSWER_IS_42 $bling$
_myName
⚫ illegal: me+u 49ers side-swipe Ph.D's

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 Keywords
⚫ keyword: An identifier that you cannot use because it
already has a reserved meaning in Java.
abstract default if private this
boolean do implements protected throw
break double import public throws
byte else instanceof return transient
case extends int short try
catch final interface static void
char finally long strictfp volatile
class float native super while
const for new switch
continue goto package synchronized

• Note: Because Java is case-sensitive, you could technically use Class

or cLaSs as identifiers, but this is very confusing and thus strongly
discouraged.
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 System.out.println
⚫ A statement that prints a line of output on the console.
⚫ pronounced "print-linn”

⚫ Two ways to use System.out.println :

• System.out.println("text");
Prints the given message as output.

• System.out.println();
Prints a blank line of output.

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 Syntax
⚫ syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that can
be used in a particular language.
⚫ The “spelling” and “grammar” of a programming language.
⚫ Every basic Java statement ends with a semicolon ;
⚫ The contents of a class or method occur between { and }

⚫ syntax error (compiler error): A problem in the

structure of a program that causes the compiler to fail.
⚫ Missing semicolon
⚫ Too many or too few { } braces
⚫ Class and file names do not match
⚫ ...

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 Syntax error example
1 public class Hello {
2 pooblic static void main(String[] args) {
3 System.owt.println("Hello, world!")_
4 }
5 }

⚫ Compiler output:
Hello.java:2: <identifier> expected
pooblic static void main(String[] args) {
^
Hello.java:3: ';' expected
}
^
2 errors

⚫ The compiler shows the line number where it found the

error.
⚫ The error messages can be tough to understand!
⚫ Why can’t the computer just say “You misspelled ‘public’”? 21
 First lesson in this class
⚫ Computers are stupid.

⚫ Computers can’t read minds.

⚫ Computers don’t make mistakes.

⚫ If the computer is not doing what you want, it’s because

YOU made a mistake.

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 More on syntax errors
⚫ Java is case-sensitive
⚫ Hello and hello are not the same

1 Public class Hello {

2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 System.out.println("Hello, world!");
4 }
5 }

compiler output:
Hello.java:1: class, interface, or enum expected
Public class Hello {
^
1 error
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Strings and escape
sequences

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 Strings
⚫ string: A sequence of text characters.
⚫ Starts and ends with a " (quotation mark
character).
⚫ The quotes do not appear in the output.
⚫ Examples:
"hello"
"This is a string. It's very long!"

⚫ Restrictions:
⚫ May not span multiple lines.
"This is not
a legal String."
⚫ May not contain a " character.
"This is not a "legal" String either."

⚫ This begs the question…

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 Escape sequences
⚫ escape sequence: A special sequence of characters used
to represent certain special characters in a string.
\t tab character
\n new line character
\" quotation mark character
\\ backslash character

⚫ Example:
System.out.println("\\hello\nhow\tare \"you\"?\\\\");

⚫ Output:
\hello
how are "you"?\\

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 Questions
⚫ What is the output of the following println
statements?
System.out.println("\ta\tb\tc");
System.out.println("\\\\");
System.out.println("'");
System.out.println("\"\"\"");
System.out.println("C:\nin\the downward spiral");

⚫ Write a println statement to produce this output:

/ \ // \\ /// \\\

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 Answers
⚫ Output of each println
statement:
\\ a b c
'
"""
C:
in he downward spiral

⚫ println statement to produce the line of output:

System.out.println("/ \\ // \\\\ /// \\\\\\");

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 Questions
⚫ What println statements will generate this
output?
This quote is from
Irish poet Oscar
Wilde:

"Music makes one feel

so romantic
- at least it always gets on one's nerves
– which is the same thing nowadays."

⚫ What println statements will generate

this output?
A "quoted" String is
'much' better if you
learn
the rules of "escape
sequences." 29
 Answers
⚫ println statements to generate the output:
System.out.println("This quote is from");
System.out.println("Irish poet Oscar Wilde:”);
System.out.println();
System.out.println("\"Music makes one feel so romantic");
System.out.println("- at least it always gets on one's nerves -");
System.out.println("which is the same thing nowadays.\"");
⚫ println statements to generate the output:
System.out.println("A \"quoted\" String is");
System.out.println("'much' better if you learn");
System.out.println("the rules of \"escape sequences.\"");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Also, \"\" represents an empty String.");
System.out.println("Don't forget: use \\\" instead of \" !");
System.out.println("'' is not the same as \"");

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