Chapter 2 DEO40023 Dis 2020
Chapter 2 DEO40023 Dis 2020
Chapter 2 DEO40023 Dis 2020
OPTOELECTRONIC
Chp. 2 - Semiconductor Physics…
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semiconductor. Dark circles in the
conduction band are electrons and light
circles in the valence band are holes.
The image shows that the electrons are
the majority charge carrier.
• Band structure of a p-type
semiconductor. Dark circles in the
conduction band are electrons and light
circles in the valence band are holes.
The image shows that the holes are the
majority charge carrier.
Generation & Recombination
Process…
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Pn junction…
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Uniform semiconductor…
• Begin by ignoring the boundaries between different
materials and consider a semiconductor that is infinite in
extend (no properties variation).
• Consider only the allowed energies of electrons in material
and includes the effects of electron momentum.
• Useful in understanding optical properties of
semiconductor.
Energy bands…
• Electrons can make transition from one energy level to other unoccupied energy
level by absorbing or emitting photons.
• When 2 atoms come nearer: interaction between nuclei and electrons cause
variation in energy level.
• When the distance between the atoms are large, there are 2
energy levels with same value. (degenerate level).
• As R decreases, the two levels split, one going to lower energy (the “bonding”
level) and the other going to higher energy (the “antibonding” level).
Cont…
• When the distance between the atoms become closer, the degenerate
level splits.
Between 2 atoms
Formula:
Constant:
C = m/s
h=J
e = JeV
Solution…
Energy and momentum…
• A complete discussion includes energy level of electrons as well as momentum, p.
(electron has momentum)
• According to quantum mechanics, momentum is associated with wavelength.
( de Broglie wavelength)
• When the electrons is in a solid, it is no longer freely propagating due to the
interaction with the atoms and solid.
Energy and momentum…
The deviation of
E(k) curve near k
multiplied of π/a
Energy and momentum
•Series of bands that
have the allowed energy
regions are visualized in
the reduced zone scheme
(translated by integer
multiplied of 2π/a)
•Correspond to quantum
state of electrons
whether occupied or
unoccupied.
Energy and momentum
• For a direct-band gap material,
the minimum of the conduction
band and maximum of the
valance band lies at the same
momentum, k, values.
• Br is constant of proportionality.
• There are then two different processes by which the electron can decay
out of the conduction band: radiative decay and Auger relaxation.
• Since the probabilities for independent processes add, the total
probability that an electron decays per unit time is given by:
• The radiative efficiency i is defined as the fraction of all decays that are
radiative. This is equal to the radiative probability divided by the total
probability, or
Radiative efficiency
Exercise:
Solution:
Layered semiconductor
• Boundaries between different
semiconductors.
• Junction that occurs between
semiconductors with different composition
or between semiconductors and metal.
• Comprises of heterojunction or
metal- semiconductor junction.
Pn junction (homojunction)
Band diagram of PN Junction
process)
•Creates electric field (Barrier
are different.
•Example as in the figure on the right side.
•Bandgap of the materials are different and