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Science Form-4 Genetics

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26 views30 pages

Science Form-4 Genetics

Uploaded by

ummi z
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GENETICS

SCIENCE
FORM 4
Cell Division
(Pembahagian Sel)
• Cell has a nucleus
• Nucleus contains chromosomes
• Chromosomes is thread-like structure (struktur
seperti bebenang) made up of long DNA
molecule
• Chromosomes come in pairs (berpasangan)
• Genes are small portion of DNA molecule
• Gene also come in pairs
DNA

• Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Blueprint that determines the genetic
information carried by chromosomes
• Two strands, twisted into spiral staircase
formation (double helix)
Mitosis
• Process of cell division that occurs in all cells
(somatic cell) except in sex cells
• One parent cell produces 2 daughter cells
• Number of chromosomes same
Stages of mitosis
Stages of mitosis Simple explanation
- Chromosomes shorten,
thicken, more visible
(Memendek, menebal, lebih
jelas)

centromere -Replication(Replikasi) of
chromosomes
Each strand called chromatid
Stages of mitosis Simple explanation

-Chromosomes align (tersusun) in


the centre of cell
- Nucleus membrane disappears

- Chromatid separate and move to


opposite ends of cell
- Cell starts to divide

-Nucleus membrane forms again


- Two daughter cell formed
- Each progeny cell has the same
number of chromosomes as parent
cell
Meiosis

• Process of cell division that occurs in sex


organ
• For production of gametes or sex cells
• Parent cell produces 4 daughter cells (sel
anak)
• Number of chromosomes in daughter cell(sel
anak) is half (separuh) in parent cell (sel
induk)
First Division
Stages of meiosis
Chromosomes shorten, thicken
(memendek, menebal)

Replication (replikasi) and crossing over


(pindah silang) on chromatid

1. Chromosomes align (tersusun) in the


centre of cell (tengah sel)
2. Nucleus membrane disappears
1. Chromosomes move to
opposite ends of the cell
2. The cell begins to divide
into two (membahagi 2)

1. Two daughter cells


produced (2 sel anak
terhasil)
2. Nucleus membrane
reforms
Second Division

1. Chromosomes align in
the centre of cell
2. Nucleus membrane
disappears

1. Chromatids separate
2. Cell begins to divide
1. Nucleus membrane is formed again
2. 4 daughter cells produced (4 sel anak
terhasil)
3. Each cell has half (separuh) of the
chromosomes in the parent cell
Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis

Meiosis Characteristics Mitosis

2 Number of division 1
(Bilangan pembahagian

Occurs during the Replication Occurs


first cell division (Replikasi)

4 Number of daughter cells 2


(sel anak) produced
Meiosis Characteristics Mitosis

Half Number of Same


chromosomes in
daughter cell
compared to parent
cell
Different Combination of Identical
chromosomes in
daughter cell
compared to parent
cell
Occurs Crossing over Not occur
(Pindah silang)
The Importance of Mitosis and Meiosis

• Mitosis:
1. Produces new cells for growth
(pertumbuhan) and replace dead / damaged
cells (ganti sel mati/ rosak)
2. Maintain genetic information (Mengekalkan
maklumat genetik)
• Meiosis
1. Produces gametes
2. Ensure number of chromosomes is kept
constant from one generation to another
generation
3. Ensure each gamete produced carry different
genetic constituents
Inheritance
(Pewarisan)
• Traits: Characteristics inherited from parents
(ciri diwarisi dari induk)

• Inheritance (Pewarisan): process of passing


genetic information / traits from parents to
offspring (Proses menurunkan maklumat
genetik / ciri induk ke anak)
Dominant and Recessive Genes
1. Human have 46 chromosomes
2. Arranged in pairs (homologous)
3. 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
4. Each chromosomes carries a gene or a gene group
5. Gene / gene group carries traits
6. Each gene pairs with other gene on homologous
chromosomes
7. Paired genes / gene groups carry instructions to create /
control one of characteristics
8. Example: one instruct curly hair, other instruct straight hair
9. One is dominant, other is recessive gene
Dominant gene
• Member of a pair of genes which carries an
instruction that overrules the other (recessive)
gene
• Curly hair gene is dominant, straight hair gene
is recessive

Dominant Trait

When display the characteristics


of dominant gene
Recessive gene
• Member of a pair of genes which carries an
instruction that being overrules by the other
(dominant) gene
• If inherited only a pair of straight hair gene: we
would have straight hair

Recessive Trait

When display the characteristics


of recessive gene
Mechanism of Inheritance of Traits

• In meiosis, gamete only carry one gene from


each pair of gene
• In fertilisation, gamete fuse to form zygote
(combination both parent)
• Traits inherited determined by both sets of
genes from parent
H: Curly hair (Dominant gene) Schematic Diagram
h: Straight hair (Recessive gene)

Parent
HH hh
Meiosis

Gamete
H H h h

Fertilisation

Hh Hh Hh Hh Offspring

All offspring have curly hair


Genotype

• Genetic composition of an organism


(combination of genes)
• Example: Genotype for individual with curly
hair can be HH or Hh
• Genotype for straight hair is hh
Phenotype

• Characteristic that can be observed or


determined (Ciri yang boleh diperhatikan)
• Example: Trait for hair type has 2 phenotype
that is curly hair and straight
Monohybrid Cross – Gregor Mendel
Yellow seed Green seed Parent Phenotype

YY yy

Gamete
Y Y y y

Yy Yy Yy Yy F1

All offspring have Yellow Seed Phenotype


- Experiment of a monohybrid cross by
Gregor Mendel to predict the genotype
and phenotype ratios of F1 & F2

- Used pea plant (yellow & green seed)

- Showed that yellow seed were


dominant trait

• F1 : First filial generation


• F2 : Second filial generation
Offspring of F1 (Dihybrid Cross)

Yellow seed Yellow seed

Yy Yy F1 Generation

Y y Y y Gamete

Y Yy Yy yy F2 generation

Y
Genotype ratio = 1 YY : 2 Yy : 1 yy
Phenotype ratio = 3 yellow : 1 green Phenotype
Punnett-square method
* To predict genotype and phenotype ratio

Gamete Genotype of
offspring

♂ Y y
♀
YY Yy
Y
Yy yy
y

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