Event Driven programming

Programming with Event Driven in C#

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 1

Objectives
After the end this lesson the student will be able to
Understand C# language fundamentals
 Data type, variables and constants, …
Write a C# program statement
Debug C# program in VS
Develop OO program with C#

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 2

Lesson Outline
C# fundamentals C# Code control structure
 Data types, variables and  Conditional statements
constants  Looping statements
 Comments in C#
 Working with Date and string data types
 Namespace
Arrays and Collections
 Type casting
 Methods and Event handlers
 Data type conversion
Object oriented programming
 Operators and Expressions
 Classes
Console Input / Output
 Indexer, delegates, events and
C# Code control structure operators
 Conditional statements  Inheritance
 Looping statements  Interface and generics

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 3

C#(C-Sharp)-High level programming languge
Microsoft C# (pronounced See Sharp) developed by Microsoft
Corporation, USA
New programming language that runs on the .NET Framework
C# is simple, modern, type safe, and object oriented
C# code is compiled as managed code
Combines the best features of Visual Basic, C++ and Java

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 4

C# Features
Simple
Modern
Object-Oriented
Versionable
Compatible
Secure

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 5

C#- Data Types
are sets (ranges) of values that have similar characteristics
Data types are characterized by:
Name – for example, int;
Size (how much memory they use) – for example, 4 bytes;
Default value – for example 0.
two major sets of data types in C#
value types
 store their own data
reference types
 Store a reference to the area of memory where the data is stored

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 6

Data Types …
Basic data types in C# :
Integer types – sbyte, byte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong;
Real floating-point types – float, double;
Real type with decimal precision – decimal;
Boolean type – bool;
Character type – char;
String – string;
Object type – object.
These data types are called primitive (built-in types),
because they are embedded in C# language at the lowest level.

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 7

Data Types …
 C# Keyword Bytes .Net Type default Min value Max value
 sbyte 1 SByte 0 -128 127
 byte 1 Byte 0 0 255
 short 2 Int16 0 -32768 32767
 ushort 2 UInt16 0 0 65535
 int 4 Int32 0 -2147483648 2147483647
 uint 4 UInt32 0u 0 4294967295
 long 8 Int64 0L -9223372036854775808 9223372036854775807
 ulong 8 UInt64 0u 0 18446744073709551615
 float 4 Single 0.0f ±1.5×10 -45 ±3.4×1038
 double 8 Double 0.0d ±5.0×10 -324 ±1.7×10308
 decimal 16 Decimal 0.0m ±1.0×10-28 ±7.9×1028
 bool 1 Boolean false Two possible values: true and false
 char 2 Char '\u0000' '\u0000' '\uffff‘
 object - Object null - a reference to a String object
 string - String null - a reference to any type of object
07/31/2024 8
Event Driven Programming with C#
 C# - Variables
a named area of memory Valid C# variable name
stores a value from a particular data  Start with A-Z or a-z or _

type, and  Can include number and _

 cannot coincide with a keyword
is accessible in the program by its
 Use "@". For example, @char and
name. @null
Stores a value that can change as the C# is case sensitive
program executes  E.g. salary, number1, total_mark
Before use it must be declared Naming convention
Variable declaration contains  camelNotation
 E,g. letterGrade
Data types
 PascalNotation
Name  E.g. LetterGrade
Initial value
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 9
Variables > keywords
Reserved words by the language for some purpose
Can’t be used by programmer for other purpose except they are reserved for
abstract as base bool break byte
case catch char checked class const
continue decimal default delegate do double
else enum event explicit extern false
finally fixed float for foreach goto
if implicit in int interface internal
is lock long namespace new null
object operator out override params private
protected public readonly ref return sbyte
sealed short sizeof stackalloc static string
struct switch this throw true try
typeof uint ulong unchecked unsafe ushort
using virtual void volatile while …

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 10

Variables > Declaration
Variable declaration and initialization
Syntax
type variableName;
variableName=value;
Several ways of initializing:
By using the new keyword
By using a literal expression
By referring to an already initialized variable

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 11

Variables > Example
 Example
int num = new int(); // num = 0
int x; //declaration statement
x=0; //assignment statement
char grade=‘A’; //enclose a character value in single quotes
double price = 10.55; //declare and initialize a value with
double scientificNumber= 3.45e+6; //scientific notation
decimal salary = 12345.67m; //m or M indicates a decimal value, monetary(money)
float interestRate = 5.25f; //f or F indicates a float value
bool isValid = false; //declare and initialize a value with
double scgpa = 3.2, cgpa=3.12; //initialize 2 variables with
string greeting = "Hello World!"; //enclose a string value in double quotes
string message = greeting;

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 12

Variables > Constant variables
Constant
Stores a value that can’t be changed as the program executes
Always declared and initialized in a single statement
Declaration statement begins with const keyword
Capitalize the first letter in each word of a constant also common practice –
PascalNotation
Example
const double Pension = 0.06;
const int DaysInWeek = 7;
const int Km = 100;

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 13

Variables > String data type
Strings are sequences of characters.
declared by the keyword string
enclosed in double quotation marks
default value is null
 Example
string firstName = “Abebe”;
string lastName = “Kebede”;
string fullName = firstName + “ “ + lastName;
Various text-processing operations can be performed using strings:
 concatenation (joining one string with another),
 splitting by a given separator,
 searching,
 replacement of characters and others.
 + concatenate, += append, More in working with Date and String class
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 14
Variables > Object Type
Object type is a special type
which is the parent of all other types in the .NET Framework
Declared with the keyword object,
it can take values from any other type.
It is a reference type,
 i.e. an index (address) of a memory area which stores the actual value.
Example
object object1 = 1;
object object2 = “Two";

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 15

Variables > Nullable Types
are specific wrappers around the value types (as int, double and
bool) that allow storing data with a null value.
provides opportunity for types that generally do not allow lack of
value (i.e. value null)
to be used as reference types and to accept both normal values and the special
one null.
Thus nullable types hold an optional value.
Wrapping a given type as nullable can be done in two ways:
Nullable<int> i1 = null;
int? i2 = i1;

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 16

Variables > Nullable Types – Example
int? someInteger = null;
Console.WriteLine("This is the integer with Null value -> " + someInteger);
someInteger = 5;
Console.WriteLine( "This is the integer with value 5 -> " + someInteger);

double? someDouble = null;

Console.WriteLine("This is the real number with Null value -> " +
someDouble);
someDouble = 2.5;
Console.WriteLine("This is the real number with value 5 -> " + someDouble);

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 17

Variables > Literals
Primitive types, which we already met, are special data types built into the
C# language.
Their values specified in the source code of the program are called literals.
types of literals:
Boolean
Integer
Real
Character
String
Object literal null

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 18

Variables > Literals > Escaping Sequences
the most frequently used escaping sequences:
\' – single quote
\" – double quotes
\\ – backslash
\n – new line
\t – offset (tab)
\uXXXX – char specified by its Unicode number, for example \u1200.
Example
 char symbol = 'a'; // An ordinary symbol
 symbol = '\u1200'; // Unicode symbol code in a hexadecimal format
 symbol = '\u1201'; // ሁ （” Hu” Amharic Letter ）
 symbol = '\t'; // Assigning TAB symbol
 symbol = '\n'; // Assigning new line symbol
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 19
Variables > String Literals
Strings can be preceded by the @ character that specifies a quoted
string (verbatim string)
string quotation = "\"Hello, C#\", he said.";
string path = "C:\\Windows\\Notepad.exe";
string verbatim = @"The \ is not escaped as \\.
I am at a new line.";

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 20

Variables > Scope
scope
 Visibility/accessibility of a variable
 determines what codes has access to it
 Code block scope
 method scope
 class scope
Access Modifier / Accessibility/life time extender
 Private – only in the same class
 Internal – in the same assembly
 Protected – same class or subclass (inherited class)
 public – by any object in anywhere
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 21
Type Casting
 Casting – converting one data from one data type to another
 Two type casting
 Implicit casting
 Performed automatically
 Widening conversion
 Used to convert data with a less precise type to a more precise type

 byte-> short -> int -> long->decimal

 E.g.
 int i =1;

 float f=i;

 Explicit casting
 Narrowing conversion
 Casts data from a more precise data type to a less precise data type

 (type) expression
 E.g
 int mark = (int)85.25;

 float f=1.0f , int i =(int)f;

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 22

Convert data type
 .Net framework provides structures and classes that defines data type
 Structure defines a value type
 Class defines a reference type
 Structure
 Byte – byte – an 8-bit unsigned integer
 Int16 – short - a 16-bit signed integer
 Int32 – int – A 32-bit signed integer
 Int64 – long – A 64-bit signed integer
 Single – float – a single-precision floating number
 Double – double - a double precision floating number
 Decimal – decimal – a 96-bit decimal value
 Boolean – bool – a true or false value
 Char – char - a single character
 Class
 String – string – a reference to a String object
 Object – object – a reference to any type of object
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 23
Convert data type …
 Methods used to convert data types
 ToString
 Converts the value to its equivalent string representation using the specified format, if any
 ToString([format])
 Parse
 A static method that converts the specified string to an equivalent data value
 If the string can’t converted, an exception occurred
 Parse(string)
 TryParse
 A static method that converts the specified string to an equivalent data value and
 Stores it in the result variable
 Returns a true value if the string is converted, otherwise, returns a false value
 If the string can’t converted, an exception occurred
 Static methods of Convert class
 ToDecima(value) – converts the value to the decimal data type
 ToDouble(value) - converts the value to the double data type
 ToInt32(value) – converts the value to the int data type
 …
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 24
Convert data type > Formatted String
using methods to convert formatted strings
C or c – Currency
P or p – Percent
N or n – Number
F or f – Float
D or d – Digits
E or e – Exponential
G or g – General
Use
ToString method or
Format method
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 26
Convert data type > Formatted String > Example
 decimal amount = 15632.20m;
 decimal interest = 0.023m;
 int quantity = 15000;
 float payment = 42355.5;
 ToString method
 string monthlyAmount = amount.ToString(“c”); // $15,632.20
 string interestRate = interest.ToString(“p1”); //2.3%
 string quantityString = quantity.ToString(“n0”); // 15,000
 string paymentString = payment.ToString(“f3”); //42,355.500
 Format method of String Class
 string monthlyAmount = String.Format(“0:c”, amount); // $15,632.20
 string interestRate = String.Format(“0:p1”, interest); //2.3%
 string quantityString = String.Format(“0:n0”, quantity); // 15,000
 string paymentString = String.Format(“0:f3”, payment); //42,355.500

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 27

Comments in C#
To include information about your code
Not readable by the compiler
Single line comment
//comment
Multiple line comment
/* --------------
---- multiline comment -------
--------------*/

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 28

Exercise
1. Which of the ff a valid C# variable name?
A. new
B. 1stYear
C. grade
D. father-name
2. Declare a variable that stores
a. letter grade of a subject
b. CGPA of a student
c. Balance of a customer
3. Assign an initial value for the above variables
a. To their domain default
b. Using new key word
4. What is Nullable data type and its advantage? Give example.
5. Write the output of the ff code snippet
string exercise = @“Please Students \ answer this exercise \\.
Please participate actively.";
Console.WriteLine(exercise );
6. Give an example for implicit and explicit type casting.

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 29

C#- Operators and Expressions
Operator
is an operation performed over data at runtime
Takes one or more arguments (operands)
Produces a new value
Operators have precedence
Precedence defines which will be evaluated first
Expressions
are sequences of operators and operands that are evaluated to a single value

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 30

Operators in C#
Operators in C# :
Unary – take one operand
Binary – take two operands
Ternary – takes three operands
Except for the assignment operators, all binary operators are left-
associative
The assignment operators and the conditional operator (?:) and ?? are
right-associative

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 31

 Categories of Operators
Category Operators
Arithmetic +, -, *, /, %, ++, --
Logical &&, ||, ^, !,
Binary &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>
Comparison ==, !=, < >, <=, >=
Assignment =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, &=, |=,
^=, <<=, >>=
String concatenation +
Type conversion is, as, typeof
Other ., [], (), ?:, ??, new
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 32
 Operators Precedence
Precedence Operators
Highest ++ -- (postfix) new typeof
++ -- (prefix) + - (unary) ! ~
*/%
+-
<< >>
< > <= >= is as
== !=
&
Lower ^
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 33
Operators Precedence
Precedence Operators
Higher |
&&
||
?:, ??
=, *=, /=, %=, +=, -=, <<=, >>=, &=,
Lowest ^=, |=
Parenthesis is operator always has highest precedence
Note: prefer using parentheses, even when it seems difficult to do so

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 34

Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators +, -, * are the same as in math
Division operator / if used on integers returns integer (without rounding)
or exception
Division operator / if used on real numbers returns real number or
Infinity or NaN
Remainder operator % returns the remainder from division of integers
The special addition operator ++ increments a variable
The special subtraction operator -- decrements a variable

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 35

 Example
 int squarePerimeter = 17;
 double squareSide = squarePerimeter/4.0;
 double squareArea = squareSide*squareSide;
 Console.WriteLine(squareSide); // 4.25
 Console.WriteLine(squareArea); // 18.0625
 int a = 5;
 int b = 4;
 Console.WriteLine( a + b ); // 9
 Console.WriteLine( a + b++ ); // 9
 Console.WriteLine( a + b ); // 10
 Console.WriteLine( a + (++b) ); // 11
 Console.WriteLine( a + b ); // 11

 Console.WriteLine(11 / 3); // 3
 Console.WriteLine(11 % 3); // 2
 Console.WriteLine(12 / 3); // 4

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 36

Logical Operator
Logical operators take boolean operands and return boolean result
Operator ! (logical Negation) turns true to false and false to true
Behavior of the operators &&(AND), ||(OR) and ^ (exclusive OR)

Operation || || || || && && && && ^ ^ ^ ^

Operand1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
Operand2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Result 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 37

Logical Operator > Example
 Example
 bool a = true;
 bool b = false;
 Console.WriteLine(a && b); // False
 Console.WriteLine(a || b); // True
 Console.WriteLine(a ^ b); // True
 Console.WriteLine(!b); // True
 Console.WriteLine(b || true); // True
 Console.WriteLine(b && true); // False
 Console.WriteLine(a || true); // True
 Console.WriteLine(a && true); // True
 Console.WriteLine(!a); // False
 Console.WriteLine((5>7) ^ (a==b)); // False
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 38
 Bitwise Operators
 Bitwise operator ~ turns all 0 to 1 and all 1 to 0
 Like ! for boolean expressions but bit by bit

 The operators |, & and ^ behave like ||, && and ^ for boolean expressions but bit by bit

 The << and >> move the bits (left or right)

 Bitwise operators are used on integer numbers (byte, sbyte, int, uint, long, ulong)

 Bitwise operators are applied bit by bit

 Behavior of the operators|, & and ^:

Operation | | | | & & & & ^ ^ ^ ^

Operand1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
Operand2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Result 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 39
Bitwise Operators > Example
Examples:
ushort a = 3; // 00000000 00000011
ushort b = 5; // 00000000 00000101
Console.WriteLine( a | b); // 00000000 00000111
Console.WriteLine( a & b); // 00000000 00000001
Console.WriteLine( a ^ b); // 00000000 00000110
Console.WriteLine(~a & b); // 00000000 00000100
Console.WriteLine( a<<1 ); // 00000000 00000110
Console.WriteLine( a>>1 ); // 00000000 00000001

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 40

Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used to compare variables
==, <, >, >=, <=, !=
Comparison operators example:
int a = 5;
int b = 4;
Console.WriteLine(a >= b); // True
Console.WriteLine(a != b); // True
Console.WriteLine(a == b); // False
Console.WriteLine(a == a); // True
Console.WriteLine(a != ++b); // False
Console.WriteLine(a > b); // False
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 41
Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign a value to a variable ,
=, +=, -=, |=, ...
Assignment operators example:
int x = 6;
int y = 4;
Console.WriteLine(y *= 2); // 8
int z = y = 3; // y=3 and z=3
Console.WriteLine(z); // 3
Console.WriteLine(x |= 1); // 7
Console.WriteLine(x += 3); // 10
Console.WriteLine(x /= 2); // 5
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 42
Other Operators
String concatenation operator + is used to concatenate strings
If the second operand is not a string, it is converted to string automatically
example
string name= “Name";
string fatherName= “Father Name";
Console.WriteLine(name + fatherName);
// NameFather Name
string output = "The number is : ";
int number = 5;
Console.WriteLine(output + number);
// The number is : 5
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 43
 Expressions
 Expressions are sequences of operators, literals and variables that are evaluated to some value
 Expressions has:
 Type (integer, real, boolean, ...)
 Value
 Examples:
int r = (150-20) / 2 + 5; // r=70
// Expression for calculation of circle area
double surface = Math.PI * r * r;
// Expression for calculation of circle perimeter
double perimeter = 2 * Math.PI * r;
int a = 2 + 3; // a = 5
int b = (a+3) * (a-4) + (2*a + 7) / 4; // b = 12
bool greater = (a > b) || ((a == 0) && (b == 0));

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 46

 Using the Math Class
Math class provides methods to work with numeral data
Math.Round(decimalnumber[, precision, mode]);
Math.Pow(number, power);
Math.Sqrt(number);
Math.Min(number1, number2);
Math.Max(number1, number2);
Example
double gpa = Math.Round(gpa,2);
double area = Math.Pow(radius, 2) * Math.PI; //area of a circle
double maxGpa = Math.Max(lastYearGpa, thisYearGpa);
double sqrtX = Math.Sqrt(x);

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 47

 Exercise
1. Write conditional expression (Ternary expression) that checks if given
integer is odd or even.
2. Write the output of the ff code fragment.
ushort a = 3;
ushort b = 5;
Console.WriteLine(a ^ ~b);
3. Write the output of the ff code fragment.
int a = 3;
int b = 5;
Console.WriteLine(“a + b = ” + a + b);
4. Write a program that calculates the area of a circle for a given radius r
(eqn: a).
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 49
Console Input / Output
Reading and writing to the console
Printing to the Console
 Printing Strings and Numbers
Reading from the Console
 Reading Characters
 Reading Strings
 Parsing Strings to Numeral Types
 Reading Numeral Types

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 50

Printing to the Console
Console is used to display information in a text window
Can display different values:
Strings
Numeral types
All primitive data types
To print to the console use the class Console (System.Console)

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 51

The Console Class
Provides methods for console input and output
Input
 Read(…) – reads a single character
 ReadKey(…) – reads a combination of keys
 ReadLine(…) – reads a single line of characters
Output
 Write(…) – prints the specified argument on the console
 WriteLine(…) – prints specified data to the console and moves to the next line

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 52

Console.Write(…)
Printing an integer variable
int a = 15;
Console.Write(a); // 15
Printing more than one variable using a formatting string
double a = 15.5;
int b = 14;
...
Console.Write("{0} + {1} = {2}", a, b, a + b);
// 15.5 + 14 = 29.5
Next print operation will start from the same line

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 53

 Console.WriteLine(…)
Printing a string variable
string str = "Hello C#!";
...
Console.WriteLine(str);
Printing more than one variable using a formatting string
string name = “Fatuma";
int year = 1990;
...
Console.WriteLine("{0} was born in {1}.", name, year);
// Fatuma was born in 1990.
Next printing will start from the next line
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 54
Reading from the Console
Reading Strings and Numeral Types
We use the console to read information from the command line
We can read:
Characters
Strings
Numeral types (after conversion)
To read from the console we use the methods
Console.Read() and
Console.ReadLine()

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 55

Console.Read()
Gets a single character from the console (after [Enter] is
pressed)
Returns a result of type int
Returns -1 if there aren’t more symbols
To get the actually read character we need to cast it to char
int i = Console.Read();
char ch = (char) i; // Cast the int to char
// Gets the code of the entered symbol
Console.WriteLine("The code of '{0}' is {1}.", ch, i);

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 56

 Console.ReadKey()
Waits until a combination of keys is pressed
Reads a single character from console or a combination of keys
Returns a result of type ConsoleKeyInfo
KeyChar – holds the entered character
Modifiers – holds the state of [Ctrl], [Alt], …
ConsoleKeyInfo key = Console.ReadKey();
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Character entered: " + key.KeyChar);
Console.WriteLine("Special keys: " + key.Modifiers);

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 57

Console.ReadLine()
Gets a line of characters
Returns a string value
Returns null if the end of the input is reached
Console.Write("Please enter your first name: ");
string firstName = Console.ReadLine();

Console.Write("Please enter your last name: ");

string lastName = Console.ReadLine();

Console.WriteLine("Hello, {0} {1}!", firstName, lastName);

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 58

 Reading Numeral Types
Numeral types can not be read directly from the console
To read a numeral type do the following:
1. Read a string value
2. Convert (parse) it to the required numeral type
int.Parse(string) – parses a string to int
string str = Console.ReadLine()
int number = int.Parse(str);
Console.WriteLine("You entered: {0}", number);
string s = "123";
int i = int.Parse(s); // i = 123
long l = long.Parse(s); // l = 123L
string invalid = "xxx1845";
int value = int.Parse(invalid); // FormatException
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 59
 Example
static void Main()
{
int a = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int b = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());

Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", a, b, a+b);

Console.WriteLine ("{0} * {1} = {2}", a, b, a*b);
float f = float.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine("{0} * {1} / {2} = {3}", a, b, f, a*b/f);
}

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 60

Error Handling when Parsing
Sometimes we want to handle the errors when parsing a number
 Two options: use TryParse() or try-catch block (later in Error Handling Section)

Parsing with TryParse():

string str = Console.ReadLine();
int number;
if (int.TryParse(str, out number))
{
Console.WriteLine("Valid number: {0}", number);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Invalid number: {0}", str);
}

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 61

Console IO > Example
Calculating an Area
Console.WriteLine("This program calculates the area of a rectangle or a triangle");
Console.Write("Enter a and b (for rectangle) or a and h (for triangle): ");
//read inputs
int a = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int b = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
Console.Write("Enter 1 for a rectangle or 2 for a triangle: ");
int choice = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
//calculate the area
double area = (double) (a*b) / choice;
//display the result
Console.WriteLine("The area of your figure is {0}", area);
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 62
Conditional Statements
Implementing Control Logic in C#
if Statement
if-else Statement
nested if Statements
multiple if-else-if-else-…
switch-case Statement

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 63

The if Statement
The most simple conditional statement
Enables you to test for a condition
Branch to different parts of the code depending on the result
The simplest form of an if statement:
if (condition) false
{ condition

statements;
true
}
statement

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 64

The if Statement > Example
static void Main()
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter two numbers.");

int biggerNumber = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());

int smallerNumber = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());

if (smallerNumber > biggerNumber)

{
biggerNumber = smallerNumber;
}

Console.WriteLine("The greater number is: {0}", biggerNumber);

}
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 65
The if-else Statement
More complex and useful conditional statement
Executes one branch if the condition is true, and another if it is false
The simplest form of an if-else statement:
if (condition) false second
condition
{ statement
statement1; true
}
else first
statement
{
statement2;
}
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 66
if-else Statement > Example
Checking a number if it is odd or even
string s = Console.ReadLine();
int number = int.Parse(s);

if (number % 2 == 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("This number is even.");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("This number is odd.");
}
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 67
Nested if Statements
 if and if-else statements can be nested, i.e. used inside another if or else statement
 Every else corresponds to its closest preceding if
if (expression)
{
if (expression)
{
statement;
}
else
{
statement;
}
}
else
statement;
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 68
Nested if Statements > Example
if (first == second)
{
Console.WriteLine("These two numbers are equal.");
}
else
{
if (first > second)
{
Console.WriteLine("The first number is bigger.");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("The second is bigger.");
}
}
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 69
Multiple if-else-if-else-…
 Sometimes we need to use another if-construction in the else block
 Thus else if can be used:
int ch = 'X';
if (ch == 'A' || ch == 'a')
{
Console.WriteLine("Vowel [ei]");
}
else if (ch == 'E' || ch == 'e')
{
Console.WriteLine("Vowel [i:]");
}
else if …
else …
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 70
 The switch-case Statement
Selects for execution a statement from a list depending on the value of the switch
expression
switch (day)
{
case 1: Console.WriteLine("Monday"); break;
case 2: Console.WriteLine("Tuesday"); break;
case 3: Console.WriteLine("Wednesday"); break;
case 4: Console.WriteLine("Thursday"); break;
case 5: Console.WriteLine("Friday"); break;
case 6: Console.WriteLine("Saturday"); break;
case 7: Console.WriteLine("Sunday"); break;
default: Console.WriteLine("Error!"); break;
}

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 71

How switch-case Works?
1. The expression is evaluated
2. When one of the constants specified in a case label is equal to the
expression
 The statement that corresponds to that case is executed
3. If no case is equal to the expression
 If there is default case, it is executed
 Otherwise the control is transferred to the end point of the switch
statement

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 72

switch-case > Usage good practice
Variables types like string, enum and integral types can be used for switch
expression
The value null is permitted as a case label constant
The keyword break exits the switch statement
"No fall through" rule – you are obligated to use break after each case
Multiple labels that correspond to the same statement are permitted
There must be a separate case for every normal situation
Put the normal case first
 Put the most frequently executed cases first and the least frequently executed last
Order cases alphabetically or numerically
In default use case that cannot be reached under normal circumstances
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 73
Multiple Labels – Example
 You can use multiple labels to execute the same statement in more than one case
switch (animal)
{
case "dog" :
Console.WriteLine("MAMMAL");
break;
case "crocodile" :
case "tortoise" :
case "snake" :
Console.WriteLine("REPTILE");
break;
default :
Console.WriteLine("There is no such animal!");
break;
}
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 74
Looping Statements
A loop is a control statement that allows repeating execution of a block of statements
 May execute a code block fixed number of times
 May execute a code block while given condition holds
 May execute a code block for each member of a collection
 Loops that never end are called an infinite loops
 Loops in C#
 while loops
 do … while loops
 for loops
 foreach loops
 Nested loops

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 75

 Using while(…) Loop
Repeating a Statement While Given Condition Holds
The simplest and most frequently used loop
while (condition)
{
false
statements; condition
}
The repeat condition true
Returns a boolean result of true or false statement
Also called loop condition

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 76

 Example
int counter = 0;
while (counter < 10)
{
Console.WriteLine("Number : {0}", counter);
counter++;
}

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 77

 While Loop > Example
Checking whether a number is prime or not
Console.Write("Enter a positive integer number: ");
uint number = uint.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
uint divider = 2;
uint maxDivider = (uint) Math.Sqrt(number);
bool prime = true;
while (prime && (divider <= maxDivider))
{
if (number % divider == 0)
{
prime = false;
}
divider++;
}
Console.WriteLine("Prime? {0}", prime);
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 78
Do-While Loop
Another loop structure is:
statement
do true
{
statements;
}
condition
while (condition);
The block of statements is repeated
false
While the boolean loop condition holds
The loop is executed at least once

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 79

Do … while > Example
Calculating N factorial
static void Main()
{
int n = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
int factorial = 1;

do
{
factorial *= n;
n--;
}
while (n > 0);

Console.WriteLine("n! = " + factorial);

}
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 80
for loops
 The typical for loop syntax is:
for (initialization; test; update)
{
statements;
}

 Consists of
 Initialization statement
 Executed once, just before the loop is entered
 Boolean test expression
 Evaluated before each iteration of the loop
 If true, the loop body is executed

 If false, the loop body is skipped

 Update statement
 Executed at each iteration after the body of the loop is finished
 Loop body block

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 81

 for Loop > Example
A simple for-loop to print the numbers 0…9:
for (int number = 0; number < 10; number++)
{
Console.Write(number + " ");
}
A simple for-loop to calculate n!:
decimal factorial = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
factorial *= i;
}
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 82
foreach Loop
Iteration over a Collection
The typical foreach loop syntax is:
foreach (Type element in collection)
{
statements;
}
Iterates over all elements of a collection
The element is the loop variable that takes sequentially all collection values
The collection can be list, array or other group of elements of the same type

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 83

foreach Loop > Example
Example of foreach loop:
string[] days = new string[] {
"Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday",
"Friday", "Saturday", "Sunday" };
foreach (string day in days)
{
Console.WriteLine(day);
}
The above loop iterates of the array of days
The variable day takes all its values

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 84

Nested Loops
A composition of loops is called a nested loop
A loop inside another loop
Example:
for (initialization; test; update)
{
for (initialization; test; update)
{
statements;
}
…
}
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 85
Nested loop > Example
 Print the following triangle:
1
1 2
…
1 2 3 ... n
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
for(int row = 1; row <= n; row++)
{
for(int column = 1; column <= row; column++)
{
Console.Write("{0} ", column);
}
Console.WriteLine();
}
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 86
C# Jump Statements
 Jump statements are:
 break, continue, goto, return
 How continue woks?
 In while and do-while loops jumps to the test expression
 In for loops jumps to the update expression
 To exit an inner loop use break
 To exit outer loops use goto with a label
 Avoid using goto! (it is considered harmful)
return – to terminate method execution and go back to the caller method

07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 87

Jump Statements > Example
int outerCounter = 0;
for (int outer = 0; outer < 10; outer++)
{
for (int inner = 0; inner < 10; inner++)
{
if (inner % 3 == 0)
continue;
if (outer == 7)
break;
if (inner + outer > 9)
goto breakOut;
}
outerCounter++;
}
breakOut:
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 88
Jump Statements > continue example
Example: sum all odd numbers in [1, n] that are not divisors of 7:
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i += 2)
{
if (i % 7 == 0)
{
continue;
}
sum += i;
}
Console.WriteLine("sum = {0}", sum);
07/31/2024 Event Driven Programming with C# 89
.

Question!