0% found this document useful (0 votes)
48 views24 pages

Lec 01 Introduction

Uploaded by

Najib Hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
48 views24 pages

Lec 01 Introduction

Uploaded by

Najib Hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Computer Networks

COMPUTER NETWORKS
An Introduction

Dola Das
Assistant Professor, CSE, KUET

Modified by
Md. Badiuzzaman Shuvo
Lecturer, CSE, KUET
Computer Networks

 A computer network is a collection of computers and


devices connected in various ways in order to
communicate and share resources
 Usually, connected by physical wires or cables
 some connections are wireless, using radio waves or
infrared signals
Computer Networks

 The purpose is to share resources. A resource may


be:
 A file, folder, printer, disk drive
 Or just about anything else that exists on a computer.
 The computers can be geographically located
anywhere.
 Networking is the term that describes the processes
involved in designing, implementing, upgrading,
managing and otherwise working with networks and
network technologies.
Applications of Networks

 Resource Sharing
 Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
 Software (application software)

 Information Sharing
 Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
 Search Capability (WWW)

 Communication
 Email
 Message broadcast

 Remote computing
 Distributed processing (GRID Computing)
Network Topology

A network topology describes the layout of the wire


and devices as well as the paths used by data
transmissions.
Types of Networks
 Local-area network (LAN) A network that connects a
relatively small number of machines in a relatively close geographical
area (Room, Building or a Campus)
Types of Networks

 Metropolitan-area network (MAN) The


communication infrastructures that have been
developed in and around large cities
Types of Networks
 Wide-area network (WAN) A network that connects
LANs and other types of networks over a potentially large
geographic distance (Country or across Globe)
 The Internet, as we know it today, is essentially the
ultimate wide-area network, spanning the entire globe
 Communication between networks is called
internetworking
Internetwork

 Connection of two or more distinct


computer networks or network segments
via a common routing technology
 three variants, depending on who
administers and who participates in them:
 Internet
 Intranet
 Extranet
Internet

 A worldwide system of computer networks - a


network of networks in which users at any one
computer can, if they have permission, get
information from any other computer
 That uses the standard Internet Protocol Suit (TCP/IP) to
serve billions of users worldwide.
 Consists of millions of
 private and public,
 academic,
 business, and
 government networks of local to global scope
Internet

 Internet carries vast information


resources and services,
 most notably the inter-linked hypertext
documents of the World Wide Web
(WWW)
 and the infrastructure to support electronic
mail
Intranet & Extranet
 Intranet: An intranet is a private network that
is contained within an enterprise.
 May consist of many interlinked local area networks
and also use leased lines in the wide area network.
 An intranet uses TCP/IP, HTTP, and other Internet
protocols and in general looks like a private version of
the Internet.
 With tunneling, companies can send private messages
through the public network, using the public network
with special encryption/decryption and other security
safeguards to connect one part of their intranet to
another.
Intranet & Extranet (contd.)
 Extranet - internetwork that is limited in
scope to a single organization and also has
limited connections to the networks of one or
more other trusted organizations
Computers Role: Clients and Servers
In a client/server network arrangement, network services
are located in a dedicated computer whose only function
is to respond to the requests of clients.
 Server computer is a core component of the network,
providing a link to the resources necessary to perform any
task.
 The server contains the file, print, application, security, and
other services in a central computer that is continuously
available to respond to client requests.

 Client computers normally


request and receive information
over the network
Computers Role: Peer to Peer
 A peer-to-peer network is a network where the computers
act as both workstations and servers.
 In a strict peer-to-peer networking setup, every computer is
an equal, a peer in the network.
 Each machine can have resources that are shared with any
other machine.
Protocol
 A set of rules which is used by computers to communicate
with each other across a network.
 Protocol achieves:
 What is communicated between computers?
 How it is communicated?
 When it is communicated?
 What conformance (bit sequence) between computers?
 Key elements of a protocol are:
 SYNTAC: Data format and signal levels
 SEMANTICS: Control information for coordination and error
handling
 TIMING: Synchronization, speed matching, and sequencing
 Examples of protocols: TCP/IP
 Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination
of the two.
Open Systems
 Proprietary system: A system that uses
technologies kept private by a particular
commercial vendor
One system couldn’t communicate with another,
leading to the need for
 Interoperability: The ability of software and
hardware on multiple machines and from
multiple commercial vendors to communicate
 Open systems: Systems based on a common
model of network architecture and a suite of
protocols used in its implementation
OSI Model
 Open System Interconnection Model is description for
layered communications and computer network protocol
design
 7 Layers
1. Physical Layer - defines the relationship between a device
and a physical medium. This includes layout of pins,
voltages, cable specifications, and more
2. Data Link Layer - provides the functional and procedural
means to transfer data between network entities and to
detect and possibly correct errors
3. Network Layer – determine logical path for transferring
data sequences from a source to a destination via one or
more networks
OSI Model
4. Transport Layer - The Transport Layer controls the
reliability of a given link through flow control,
segmentation/desegmentation, and error control
5. Session Layer - controls the connections between
computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the
connections between the local and remote application
6. Presentation Layer - provides independence from
differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by
translating from application to network format, and vice
versa
7. Application Layer - interacts with software applications
that implement a communicating component
OSI Reference Model: 7 Layers
TCP/IP
 TCP stands for Transmission Control
Protocol
TCP software breaks messages into packets, hands them off to the IP
software for delivery, and then orders and reassembles the packets at
their destination

 IP stands for Internet Protocol


IP software deals with the routing of packets through the maze of
interconnected networks to their final destination
OSI & TCP/IP Models
Reference Books

 Computer Networking A Top-Down Approach Featuring the


Internet
 J F Kurose, K W Ross
 Data Communications and Networking
 B A Forouzan
 Computer Networks
 A S Tanenbaum
 Computer Networks A Systems Approach
 L L Peterson, B S Davie

You might also like