QUADRIC SURFACES

MATH23
MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS
 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

• Determine functions of several variables.

• Identify the domain of several variables
• Discuss quadric surfaces, its equations and graphs.
• Differentiate various quadrics, based on equation, and graph
 Functions of Several Variables
• A function f of two variables is a rule that assigns to
each ordered pair of real numbers (x,y) in a set D a
unique real number denoted by f(x,y). The set D is
the domain of f and its range is the set of values that
f takes on, that is, {f(x,y)|(x,y) an element of D}.
 Example 1. Find the domain of the following functions and evaluate f(3, 2).

Domain of Functions
• Determine the Domain of the following
functions
f ( x, y )  4 x  2 y 2 2

x  y 1
f ( x, y ) 
x 1

f ( x, y )  x ln( x  y ) 2
 Quadric Surfaces

• Is the graph traced by any quadratic or second

degree equation in three variables x, y, z.

• The general equation of a quadric surface is:

Ax2 +Bx2+Cy2+Dxy+Exz+Fyz+Gx+Hy+Iz+J=0
 Cylinders
• A cylinder is a surface that consists of all lines (called
rulings) that are parallel to a given line and pass
though a given plane curve.
• A curve of two variables traced in three-dimensions
• Examples of which are:
– Circular Cylinder
– Elliptical Cylinder
– Parabolic Cylinder
– Hyperbolic Cylinder
B. CYLINDERS and SPHERE:
1. x2 + y2 = 4 z


(-2, 0, 0)

(0, 2, 0)

(0,-2, 0)
 y


(2, 0, 0)

CIRCULAR CYLINDER

x
2. 4x2 + y2 = 4
z

(-1, 0, 0)
 (0, 2, 0)

(0,-2, 0)
 y

(1, 0, 0)

ELLIPTICAL CYLINDER

x
3. x2 = y
z

x
4. y2 = x
z

x
5. z2 = y
z

x
6. z2 = y – 1
z


V(0, 1, 0) y

x
 SPHERE:
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 + (z – i)2 = r2
Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2 + Gx + Hy + Iz = J
r = 0 (point)
r = - (no locus)
z r = + (sphere)

x
 EXAMPLE:
Describe the locus of x2 + y2 + z2 + 2x – 4y – 8z + 5 = 0.
Sketch the graph.
SOLUTION:
x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 – 4y + 4 + z2 – 8z + 16 = –5 + 1 + 4 + 16
(x + 1)2 + (y – 2)2 + (z – 4)2 = 16
C(–1, 2, 4) and r = 4
 z’
(-1, 2, 8)
 (-5, 2, 4)

z
(-1, 6, 4)

(-1,- 2, 4)
C(-1, 2, 4)
 y’


(3, 2, 4)
x’

(-1, 2, 0) y

x
 QUADRIC SURFACES
Common Types of Quadric Surfaces:
1. Ellipsoid
2. Hyperboloid of One Sheet
3. Hyperboloid of Two Sheets
4. Elliptic Paraboloid
5. Hyperbolic Paraboloid
6. Elliptic Cone
Ellipsoid
 QUADRIC SURFACES
ELLIPSOID
2 2 2
x y z
2
 2  2 1
a b c

x
Hyperboloid of One Sheet
QUADRIC SURFACES
HYPERBOLOID OF ONE SHEET
x 2 y 2 z2
2
 2  2 1
a b c
Hyperboloid of Two Sheets
QUADRIC SURFACES
HYPERBOLOID OF TWO SHEETS
z2 x 2 y 2
2
 2  2 1
c a b
Elliptic Paraboloid
QUADRIC SURFACES

ELLIPTIC PARABOLOID
x2 y2
z 2  2
a b
Hyperbolic Paraboloid
 QUADRIC SURFACES

z’ HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
y2 x2
z 2  2
b a

x’

y’
Elliptic Cone
QUADRIC SURFACES
ELLIPTIC CONE
2 2
2 x y
z  2 2
a b
 EXAMPLES: Sketch the quadric surface.
36x2+9y2+4z2=36
Solution: II. Traces :
 2 2
36x  9y  4z  36
1
36
2
 i) xy - plane
x2 y2
x 2 y 2 z2 let z  0 :  1
  1 1 4
1 4 9 (ellipse)
ii) xz - plane
I. Intercepts :
x 2 z2
x y z
let y  0 :  1
1 9
x ±1 0 0 (ellipse)
y 0 ±2 0
z 0 0 ±3 iii) yz - plane
y 2 z2
let x  0 :  1
4 9
(ellipse)
 z

y 2 z2
(0,0,3)  1
x2 y2
 1
 4 9
1 4

(-1,0,0)

(0,-2,0)  (0,2,0) y

(1,0,0)

x 2 z2
 1

(0,0,-3)
1 9

x
 2. 16x2+36y2-9z2=144 ii) yz - plane
Solution : y 2 z2
let x  0 :  1
 2 2
16x  36y  9z  144
12
144
 4 16
(hyperbola )
x 2 y 2 z2 iii) xz - plane
  1
9 4 16 x 2 z2
I. Intercepts : let y  0 :  1
9 16
x y z (hyperbola )
x ±3 0 0
y 0 ±2 0
III. Sections parallel to xy - plane :
z 0 0 ±4i let z  4
II. Traces : x 2 y 2 (4)2 x2 y2
   1   1  1
i) xy - plane 9 4 16 9 4
x2 y2  x2 y2 1 x2 y2
let z  0 :  1    2   1
9 4 9 4 2 18 8
(ellipse) (ellipse)
 x2 y2 z (-4.2,0,4)
 1
18 8 
x 2 z2
 1
9 16

(0,-2.8,4) (0,2.8,4)
z=4   y’

(-3,0,0) x2 y2
 1
9 4

(4.2,0,4)

(0,2,0)
(0,-2,0)   (-4.2,0,-4)
y
x’ y 2 z2
(3,0,0)  
4 16
1

z=-4   y”
(0,-2.8,-4) (0,2.8,-4)
x


(4.2,0,-4)
x”
 3. 4z2-4x2-y2=4 ii) yz - plane
Solution : z2 y 2
let x  0 :  1
 2 2
4z  4 x  y  4
1
4
2
 1 4
(hyperbola)
z2 x 2 y 2 iii) xz - plane
  1
1 1 4
z2 x 2
I. Intercepts : let y  0 :  1
1 1
x y z (hyperbola)
x ±i 0 0
y 0 ±2i 0 III. Sections parallel to xy - plane :
z 0 0 ±1 let z  3
II. Traces : (3)2 x 2 y 2 x2 y2
i) xy - plane   1 9  1
1 1 4 1 4
x2 y2  2 y2 1 x2 y2
let z  0 :    1 x   8    1
1 4  4 8 8 32
(no trace) (ellipse)
 x2 y2 z
 1
8 32

(-2.8,0,3)
 z2  x 2  1

z=3 (0,-5.7,3)  (0,5.7,3) y’

(0,0,1)
 
(2.8,0,3)
(-2.8,0,-3)
y

2 2

x’

(0,0,-1)
z y
 1
1 4

z=-3 (0,-5.7,-3)  (0,5.7,-3) y”

x 
(2.8,0,-3)

x”
Example
Example
Example
Example