MODULE I

LINUX BASICS

by: Dr. Ram Paul Hathwal

Dept of CSE, ASET, AUUP
 Linux for Devices Department of Computer
Science and Engineering
CSE438

Dr. Ram Paul Hathwal

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Amity University Uttar Pradesh
 Topics Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 Introduction to Linux
 File System of the Linux
 General usage of Linux kernel & basic commands
 Linux users and group
 Permissions for file
 Directory and users
 Searching a file & directory
 Zipping and Unzipping concepts
 Linux for the Industry 4.0 Era
 OPENIL and its advantages
 Features of OPENIL
 Department of Computer
Linux Shell Science and Engineering

 Shell interprets the command

and request service from kernel whoami pwd
 Similar to DOS but DOS has only one set of ls Bash, Tcsh, Zsh
interface while Linux can select different shell
 – Bourne Again shell (Bash), TC shell
(Tcsh), Z shell (Zsh) Kernel
 Different shell has similar but different
functionality
 Bash is the default for Linux
 Graphical user interface of Linux is in fact an
application program work on the shell
 Example: Department of Computer
Linux Shell Commands Science and Engineering

 Frequently used commands available in most shells:

 ls : to show (list) the names of the file in the
current directory
 cd : change directory,

– e.g. change to the root directory

cd / change to the parent of that
cd . directory
.
 cp : copy one file to another
– e.g. cp abc.txt xyz.txt
copy abc.txt to xyz.txt
 rm : remove a file
 Example: Department of Computer
Linux Shell Commands Science and Engineering

 man : ask for the manual (or help) of a command

– e.g. man cd ask for the manual of the command cd
 pwd : show the name of the present working directory
 cat : to show the content of a text file
– e.g. cat abc.txt show the content of abc.txt
 whoami : to show the username of the current user

More Linux/Unix commands

 Topics Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 Introduction to Linux
 File System of the Linux
 General usage of Linux kernel & basic commands
 Linux users and group
 Permissions for file
 Directory and users
 Searching a file & directory
 Zipping and Unzipping concepts
 Linux for the Industry 4.0 Era
 OPENIL and its advantages
 Features of OPENIL
 Department of Computer
Linux User Login Science and Engineering

 Linux is a multiuser OS
 Allow multiple users to use the resource of a computer at the
same time
 Every user needs to login the system with the password
provided to identify their right in using the resource
 Require for both client-server based system or desktop
 Department of Computer
Linux User Interface Science and Engineering

 Traditional Linux (Unix also) uses command- driven

interface (or text-based interface)
 User need to type lines of command to instruct the
computer to work, similar to DOS
 Advantage: fast in speed. Very few resource is
required for its implementation
 Disadvantages: user needs to type, hence can easily
make error. Besides, user needs to memorize all
commands
 Suitable for expert users and for the systems that
interaction with user is not frequent, such as servers
19
 Department of Computer
Linux User Interface Science and Engineering

 By adopting the X-Window technology, graphical user

interface (GUI) is available for Linux:
 Uses pointing devices (e.g. mouse) to control the system, similar to
Microsoft’s Windows
 Provide menu-driven and/or icon-driven interfaces
 menu-driven: user is provided with a menu of choices. Each
choice refers to a particular task
 icon-driven: tasks are represented by pictures (icon) and shown to
user. Click on an icon invokes one task
 Advantages: No need to memorize commands.
 Always select task from menus or icons
 Disadvantages: Slow and require certain resource for its
implementation
 Suitable for general users and systems, such as PC
Linux User Interface Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 A typical Linux GUI based on

GNOME
 Similar to Microsoft’s Windows,
however, different window systems can
be chosen (e.g. GNOME, KDE, etc)
 Topics
Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 Introduction to Linux
 File System of the Linux
 General usage of Linux kernel & basic commands
 Linux users and group
 Permissions for file
 Directory and users
 Searching a file & directory
 Zipping and Unzipping concepts
 Linux for the Industry 4.0 Era
 OPENIL and its advantages
 Features of OPENIL
 ZIP command Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 ZIP is a compression and file packaging utility for Unix.

 Each file is stored in single .zip {.zip-filename} file with the
extension .zip.
 The zip program puts one or more compressed files into a
single zip archive, along with information about the files (name,
path, date, time of last modification, protection, and check
information to verify file integrity). An entire directory structure
can be packed into a zip archive with a single command.
 Compression ratios of 2:1 to 3:1 are common for text files.
 zip has one compression method (deflation) and can also store files
without compression.
 zip automatically chooses the better of the two for each file to be
compressed.
 ZIP Command Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 Syntax
 zip [options] zipfile files_list
 Extracting from .zip
 Unzip <filename.zip>
 Possibilities:
1. -d removes files from a zip archieve
Zip –d <filename.zip> <file.txt>
2. -u updates a file in zip archieve
Zip –u <filename.zip> <file.txt>
3. -m deletes original files after zipping
Zip –m <filename.zip> file.txt
4. -r recursively zips files in a directory
Zip –r <filename.zip> <directory_name>
5. -v verbose mode or prints diagnostic information
Zip –v <filename.zip> <file1.txt>
 Gzip/gunzip Command Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 Another popular compression algorithm that allows to reduce the size of

a file and keep original file mode, ownership and timestamp.
 .gz file format and uses gzip utility to compress and decompress files
 By default, gzip keeps the original file name and
timestamp in the compressed file
 Syntax:
 gzip <test.txt>
 Shall create a <test.txt.gz> and delete the original file
 For compress multiple files or directory into one file, first you need
to create a Tar archive and then compress the .tar file with Gzip. A
file that ends in .tar.gz or .tgz is a Tar archive compressed with
Gzip.
 Gzip/gunzip Command​ Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 Gunzip synopsis
 gunzip [ -acfhlLnNrtvV ] [-S suffix] [ name ... ]
 gunzip also recognizes the special extensions .tgz and .taz as shorthands
for .tar.gz and .tar.Z respectively.
 Possibilities:
1. -k allows to keep original file
Gzip –k <filename>
Or –c
Gzip –c <filename> > filename.gz
2. -v prints the percentage reduction and name of files processed
Gzip –v <filename>
3. Compress multiple files
Gzip <file1> <file2> <file3>
 gzip OPTIONS Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 -f –force
 Force compression or decompression even if the file has
multiple links or the corresponding file already exists
 gzip OPTIONS Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 -l –list
 For each compressed file, list the following fields:
 compressed size: size of the compressed file
 uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file
 ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
 uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file
-n --no-name
– When compressing, do not save the original file name and time stamp by
default.
– When decompressing, do not restore the original file name if present
(remove only the gzip suffix from the compressed file name) and do not
restore the original time stamp if present.
 gzip OPTIONS Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 change the compression level

 -# --fast –best
– Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit #
• -1 or --fast
 indicates the fastest compression method, less compression
• -9 or --best
 indicates the slowest compression method
 best compression
• The default compression level is-6
• That is, biased towards high compression
– Gzip –9 <filename>
 gzip decompression Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 Compressed files can be restored to their original form using:

– gzip -d or
– Gunzip or
– Zcat
– Gzip –d <filename.gz>
 gunzip can currently decompress files created by gzip, zip,
compress, compress -H or pack.
– The detection of the input format is automatic.
 gzip and gunzip can also compress or decompress data from
standard input and output
– ls -laR $HOME | gzip > filelist.gz
– Or by using –c option
 Department of Computer
Linux Command bzip2 Science and Engineering

 bzip2, bunzip2
 a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.2
 bzcat
 decompresses files to stdout
 bzip2recover
 recovers data from damaged bzip2 files
 on the average about 10-20% better than gzip
– at the expense of longer compression times
 Output with .bz2 filename extension
 Department of Computer
bzip2: Synopsis Science and Engineering

bzip2 [ -cdfkqstvzVL123456789 ] [ filenames ... ]

bunzip2 [ -fkvsVL ] [ filenames ... ]
bzcat [ -s ] [ filenames ... ]
bzip2recover filename
 Each file is replaced by a compressed version of itself, with the
name "original_name.bz2“

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/bzip2-command-in-linux-with-examples/
https://www.javatpoint.com/linux-bzip2-bunzip2
https://www.javatpoint.com/linux-bzcat-bzmore

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tar-command-linux-examples/
 bzip2 OPTIONS Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 -c –stdout
– (as in gzip) Compress or decompress to standard output.
• -t –test
– Check integrity of the specified file(s), but don't
decompress them.
 This really performs a trial decompression and throws
away the result.
• -k –keep
– Keep (don't delete) input files during compression or
decompression.
 bzip2 OPTIONS Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

• -s –small
 Reduce memory usage, for compression, decompression
and testing.
• -1 (or --fast) to -9 (or --best)
 Set the block size to 100 k, 200 k .. 900 k when
compressing.
 Has no effect when decompressing.
 bzip2 decompression Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 bzcat
 decompresses files to stdout
• bunzip2
• Cannot use bunzip2 to uncompress files compressed with gzip
and vice versa
• bzip2 -d
 decompresses all specified files.
 Files which were not created by bzip2 will be detected and
ignored
 warning issued.
 bzip2 decompression Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

filename.bz2 filename filename

filename.bz filename.tar

filename.tbz2 filename.tar
filename.tbz anyothername.out

anyothername
 Linux Command: tar Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 tar is a general-purpose archiving utility

 Stands for Tape Archive
 capable of packing many files into a single
archive file,
 while retaining information needed to restore the
files fully, such as file permissions and ownership.
 Department of Computer
tar options Science and Engineering

• -c
 Create a new archive
• -x
 Extract files from an archive
• -t
 List table of contents to an archive
• -r
 append
 tar options Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

• -u
 Update files
• -d
 Compare files in the archive to those in the file system
• -v
• – print verbose information
• -k
 To keep any existing files when extracting
• B filename
 To specify that the tar file to be read or written is filename.
 Other commands Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 Synopsis:
 compress [ -f ] [ -v ] [ -c ] [ -V ] [ -r ] [ -b bits ]
[ name ... ]
 uncompress [ -f ] [ -v ] [ -c ] [ -V ] [ name ... ]
 zip [-aABcdDeEfFghjklLmoqrRSTuvVwXyz!@$] [- b
path] [-n suffixes] [-t mmddyyyy] [-tt mmddyyyy]
[ zipfile [ file1 file2 ...]] [-xi list]
 unzip [-Z] [-cflptuvz[abjnoqsCLMVX$/:]] file[.zip]
[file(s) ...] [-x xfile(s) ...] [-d exdir]
 Topics Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 Introduction to Linux
 File System of the Linux
 General usage of Linux kernel & basic commands
 Linux users and group
 Permissions for file
 Directory and users
 Searching a file & directory
 Zipping and Unzipping concepts
 Linux for the Industry 4.0 Era
 OPENIL and its advantages
 Features of OPENIL
 Department of Computer
OPENIL Science and Engineering

 It is an open source software platform for industrial automation

 It provides following features:
 Secure:
 Industrial-grade security
 Trusted computing
 Hardened software
 Cryptographic operations
 End to end security
 Real-Time
 OpenIL provides a true real-time software platform
 Real-time Linux kernel, professionally developed, tested and validated
 Deterministic
 OpenIL supports the latest Time-Sensitive Networking technology.
 OpenTSN architecture runs on various hardware.
 OPENIL Advantages Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 100% OPEN SOURCE

 Linux distribution specifically developed, tested, and packaged for industrial
systems
 CROSS PLATFORM
 True cross-platform software platform, not limited to specific device or
hardware architecture
 INDUSTRY LEADING EXPERTS
 Technology experts and developers from industry-leading companies are
actively building OpenIL software and solutions
 OPENIL Advantages
Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 WELL DOCUMENTED AND SUPPORTED

 Development and user manuals are well documented with active
community support.
 FIELD PROVEN
 Every release is rigorously tested in industrial environments on
production systems.
 CONTINUOUSLY EVOLVING
 OpenIL targets broad industrial applications, and is always evolving.

 Go on to the OPENIL website

 Summary Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 Linux is an operating system that is built by a community of

software developers around the world and led by its creator,
Linus Torvalds
 It is derived originally from the UNIX operating system, but has
grown beyond UNIX in popularity and power over the years
 Most Linux software projects are protected by one of a set of
licenses that fall under the Open Source Initiative umbrella. The
most prominent of these is the GNU Public License (GPL)
 The GNOME desktop environment has become the default
desktop environment for many Linux systems, including Fedora
and RHEL
 Summary Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

• To become an expert Linux user, you must be able to use the

shell to type commands
• Commands for moving around the filesystem, copying files,
moving files, and removing files are among the most basic
commands you need to work from the shell
• Use the locate and find commands for finding files and grep for
searching files
 Linux Usage in Industry Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 Internet
 Major players like Amazon, Google and Netflix all rely on
Linux for delivering services
 Facebook and Twitter each use a Linux variant that has
been tweaked in-house
 Finance
 A number of markets trade using solutions built on a Linux
stack, including the Wall Street, NYSE Euronext, London
Stock Exchange and Chicago Mercantile Exchange
 Linux Usage in Industry Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 Insurance
 AIG uses Red Hat and SUSE variants in its architecture
 Health insurer, Cigna, uses Red Hat to build operating
environments on Linux
 Healthcare
 Red Hat skills come in handy for Linux system
administration jobs at healthcare organizations such as
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
 Many Debian “pure blends” — subsets of the Debian
GNU/Linux distribution — address the specific needs of
healthcare providers and researchers by packaging the
kernel with drug databases or electronic medical record
systems
 Linux Usage in Industry Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 Other Industries
 Government, education and military are other sectors
increasing their reliance on Linux system administration
 Innovative companies using Linux systems to support
advances in autonomous vehicles, wearable devices, and
other “smart” combinations of hardware and software
 Startups and smaller businesses often choose the open-
source OS for their operating servers because so many
distributions are freely available
 Department of Computer
Job Positions Science and Engineering

 DevOps Engineer  Software Developer

 Java Developer  Linux Engineer
 Software Engineer
 TechOps Engineer
 Systems Administrator
 Systems Engineer
 Senior Java Developer
 Senior Software Engineer  Build release
 Python Developer management Engineer
 Network Engineer
 Software Developer
 Linux Engineering Admin
 Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

Linux Certifications
 Most of the hiring manager are looking to recruit Linux
professionals.
 The emergence of open cloud platforms is creating increasing
demand for Linux professionals who have the right expertise
 Linux-certified professionals always be a better position in the
job market
 Employers are looking for more Linux talent.
 Better salary increments for Linux certified professionals
 Department of Computer
Linux Certifications Science and Engineering

 Some of the best Linux certification are given below:

 Linux Foundation
 Red Hat Linux SuSE Linux
 Oracle
 Linux Professional Institute (LPIC)
 CompTIA
Check it
 References Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

 Linux Bible, The comprehensive Tutorial Resource, 8th

Edition
 Linux: The Complete Reference, Sixth Edition
 Linux Programming and Scripting, Video Course NPTEL
 https://www.openil.org/
 Department of Computer
Science and Engineering

Thanks!…
Any question?