After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. recognize what the word soundness means;

2. distinguish the difference between an opinion and

an argument ;

3. generalize whether the given statement is a claim

or counter claim.
Judge the relevance and worth of ideas, soundness
of author’s reasoning and the effectiveness of the
presentation
Logic – a proper
or reasonable

What is …?
way of thinking
about
something

Sound Reasoning
reasoning that follows logic and can be easily
understood by readers or an audience.
Judge the relevance and worth of ideas, soundness
of author’s reasoning and the effectiveness of the
presentation

Sound Reasoning
A reasoning is sound if and only if it is valid, and if all
of its premises are actually true. Loosely speaking, if
the author’s process of reasoning is a good one, if the
premises actually do provide this sort of justification
for the reasoning, then that particular reasoning is
sound.
 Sound Reasoning

Example: You notice that your colds are

not getting any better after taking the
prescribed medicine for a week.

 You will either stop taking the

medicine or go back to the doctor to
consult again.
 Example: You
notice that your
favorite cup is at
the edge of the
table.

 You will take it

away and place it
in a safer place.
Task 1: Identify whether the given statements are FACT, OPINION,
REASONING (claim), or EVIDENCE. Choose the letter of the correct
answer.

1. According to DOH, the Philippines has 576,352 COVID 19 cases as

of February 28, 2021.
a. fact b. opinion c. reasoning d. evidence

2. “The Filipinos are worth dying for.” -Benigno S. Aquino Jr.

a. fact b. opinion c. reasoning d. evidence

3. President Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the 16th president of the Philippines

and the 6th president of the fifth Republic.
a. fact b. opinion c. reasoning d. evidence
Task 1: Identify whether the given statements are FACT, OPINION,
REASONING (claim), or EVIDENCE. Choose the letter of the correct
answer.

4. The population of the Philippines is more than 111, 046, 913 as of 2020
according to www.macrotrends.net.
a. fact b. opinion c. reasoning d. evidence

5. I believe, COVID 19 is the worst virus of all time.

a. fact b. opinion c. reasoning d. evidence

 An opinion is a An argument is a
personal claim claim that needs to
that does not be worth making,
necessarily valid, sound, logical,
require support and must be provided
and certain with reasonable,
qualities. relevant, and
sufficient support.

What is the difference

between an opinion
and an argument?
 I believe otherwise. Social
Social media media platforms bring a
platforms are lot of benefits because it
highly makes communication
disadvantageous. and information
dissemination a lot easier.

Which statement do you

think is an example of an
opinion and which is an
argument?
 An opinion is a An argument is a
personal claim claim that needs to
that does not be worth making,
necessarily valid, sound, logical,
require support and must be provided
and certain with reasonable,
qualities. relevant, and
sufficient support.

A claim is statement that

presents an arguable
position. It mirrors your
interpretation, belief or
opinion. Claim usually
answers the question:
“What do you think?”
 Claim vs Counterclaim

To answer a claim by responding or denying it with

corresponding reasons or evidence is to make a
counterclaim. A counterclaim is the strongest argument
against your claim.

Claim: I believe that William Shakespeare is the father of

English sonnets because he made 154 sonnets in his life.
(reason or evidence to confirm the claim)

Counterclaim: According to my research it was Sir Thomas who

introduced the concept of sonnet to the English writers and he
made a rhyming scheme that became popular, wherein even
Shakespeare used it.
 Claim vs Counterclaim

To counter or argue a claim, consider a different

opinion or contrary view. Then provide evidence that would
back up your argument.

Claim: Children nowadays are less sociable because they are

glued to their gadgets.

Counterclaim: Children of today are just sociable as the

previous generations. Researchers from Ohio State
University looked at evaluation of children who found that
time spent on screens had little or no impact on a child’s
social skills despite an increase in screen time.
 What I Have Learned
Complete the graphic organizer below by supplementing the
necessary information.

In this lesson, I learned about the

soundness of the author’s reasoning. It
means ___________
__________________. Reasoning means
_________________________________.
What Do I think?
On a scale of 1to 5, 1 being the lowest and 5 the highest, rate
yourself as far as the skills you have developed at this point.
Rate Skills
I can generate ideas and their relationship.
I can note the main ideas.
I can identify the supporting ideas.
I can organize information from a material.
I can provide a valid reasoning.
I can judge the author’s reasoning.
Now, total your score. If you got a total of (15-30 points) therefore, you learned very well!
If you got a total of (5-14) points. Therefore, you need more practice in judging the soundness of the
author’s reasoning.
 Practice each statement as a claim or a
counterclaim. Write CL for claim or CC for
counterclaim on the line before each
number.

_____ 1. A lie detector test is not actually truthful.

_____ 2. Student high grades measure intelligence.
_____ 3. I believe that people have an intimate view of
what is good for them
_____ 4. Second hand smoking can cause cancer.
 Practice each statement as a claim or a
counterclaim. Write CL for claim or CC for
counterclaim on the line before each
number.

_____ 5. Hybrid cars can be effective strategy to

lessen pollution compared to 4-stoke motorcycle.
_____ 6. One parent argues that too much watching
television has a negative effect.
_____ 7. I agree that walking is a safe workout.
 Practice each statement as a claim or a
counterclaim. Write CL for claim or CC for
counterclaim on the line before each
number.

_____ 8. Using vape or e-cigarettes is dangerous to your

health.
_____ 9. I challenge Darwin’s theory of evolution.

_____ 10. Europe has viewed itself as a superior

continent.
 Practice each statement as a claim or a
counterclaim. Write CL for claim or CC for
counterclaim on the line before each
number.

CC 1. A lie detector test is not actually truthful.

_____
CL 2. Student high grades measure intelligence.
_____
CL 3. I believe that people have an intimate view of
_____
what is good for them
CL 4. Second hand smoking can cause cancer.
_____
 Practice each statement as a claim or a
counterclaim. Write CL for claim or CC for
counterclaim on the line before each
number.

CC 5. Hybrid cars can be effective strategy to

_____
lessen pollution compared to 4-stoke motorcycle.
CC 6. One parent argues that too much watching
_____
television has a negative effect.
CL 7. I agree that walking is a safe workout.
_____
 Practice each statement as a claim or a
counterclaim. Write CL for claim or CC for
counterclaim on the line before each
number.

CL 8. Using vape or e-cigarettes is dangerous to your

_____
health.
CC 9. I challenge Darwin’s theory of evolution.
_____

CL 10. Europe has viewed itself as a superior

_____
continent.
Think of your two most favorite artists
then tell who is better between the two.
Remember what you have learned on claim
and counterclaim.