Cellular Mobile Communications
An Introduction
Cellular Mobile Communications
An Introduction
Several Types of Mobile Radio Systems
Garage Door Controller [<100 MHz]
Remote Controllers [TV/VCR/DISH][Infra-Red: 1-100 THz]
Cordless Telephone [<100 MHz]
Hand-Held Radio [Walki-Talki] [VHF-UHF:40-480 MHz]
Pagers/Beepers [< 1 GHz]
Cellular Mobile Telephone[<2 GHz]
Classification
Simplex System: Communication is possible in only one direction : Garage Door
Controller, Remote Controllers [TV/VCR/DISH] Pagers/Beepers
Semi-Duplex System: Communication is possible in two directions but one talks
and other listens at any time[Push to Talk System]: Walki-Talki
Duplex System: Communication is possible in both directions at any time: Cellular
Telephone [FDD or TDD]
Cellular Mobile Communications
An Introduction
Paging System: For Transmission of Brief
Numeric/Alpha-numeric/Voice Messages [Pages] to Subscriber
To Notify/Alert the User
Simplex Service
Modern Paging Systems Can Send News Head-Lines, Stock Info, or Fax
Application Dependent System Range [2 Km to World-wide]
City 1
Land Line Link Paging Terminal
PSTN
City 2
Land Line Link
PAGING CONTROL
Paging Terminal
CENTRE
City N
Paging Terminal
Cellular Mobile Communications
An Introduction
Cordless Telephone System: To Connect a Fixed
Base Station to a Portable Cordless Handset
Early Systems (1980s) have very limited range of few tens of
meters [within a House Premises]
Modern Systems [PACS, DECT, PHS, PCS] can provide a limited
range & mobility within Urban Centers
Cordless Handset
Fixed Base
PSTN
Station
Cellular Mobile Communications
An Introduction
Basic Components of a Cellular Telephone System
Cellular Mobile Phone: A light-weight hand-held set which is an
outcome of the marriage of Graham Bell’s Plain Old Telephone
Technology [1876] and Marconi’s Radio Technology [1894] [although a
very late delivery but very cute]
Base Station: A Low Power Transmitter, other Radio Equipment
[Transceivers] plus a small Tower
Mobile Switching Center [MSC] /Mobile Telephone
Switching Office[MTSO]
An Interface between Base Stations and the PSTN
Controls all the Base Stations in the Region and Processes User ID and other
Call Parameters
A typical MSC can handle up to 100,000 Mobiles, and 5000 Simultaneous
Calls
Handles Handoff Requests, Call Initiation Requests, and all Billing & System
Maintenance Functions
Cellular Mobile Communications
An Introduction
Cellular Mobile Communications
An Introduction
The Cellular Concept
RF spectrum is a valuable and scarce commodity
RF signals attenuate over distance
Cellular network divides coverage area into cells, each
served by its own base station transceiver and antenna
Low (er) power transmitters used by BSs; transmission
range determines cell boundary
RF spectrum divided into distinct groups of channels
Adjacent cells are (usually) assigned different channel
groups to avoid interference
Cells separated by a sufficiently large distance to avoid
mutual interference can be assigned the same channel group
frequency reuse among co-channel cells
Cellular Mobile Communications
An Introduction
An Example of Frequency Reuse
Suppose we have spectrum
for 100 voice channels
Scenario 1: a high power
base station covering entire
area – system capacity = 100
channels
Scenario 2: divide spectrum
into 4 groups of 25 channels
each; cells (1, 7), (2, 4), (3,
5), 6 are assigned distinct
channel groups – system
capacity = 175 channels
Cellular Mobile Communications
An Introduction
Frequency Reuse Factor
Frequency Reuse Factor N = No. of Distinct Channel Groups = Maximum Cluster Size
Cellular Mobile Communications
An Introduction
Common Air Interface (CAI)
Common Air Interface: A
Standard that defines Communication
between a Base Station and Mobile
Specifies Four Channels [Voice
Channels and Control / Setup
Channels] Reverse Channel
FVC: Forward Voice Channel
RVC: Reverse Voice Channel
FCC: Forward Control Channel Forward Channel
RCC: Reverse Control Channel
Cellular Mobile Communications
An Introduction
Call Setup Procedure
Cellular Phone Codes: Special Codes are associated with each Cell
Phone to identify the phone, its owner, and service provider:
Electronic Serial Number(ESN) -A Unique 32-bit Code
Mobile Identification Number(MIN): A Subscriber’s Telephone Number
Station Class mark (SCM): Indicates the Max Tx Power for the User
When a Cellular Phone is turned on and Initiates a Call:[see
next slide]
Monitors the Control Channels and gets hold on to the strongest one
Makes a Call Initiation Request[Dials the Called part Number, MIN , ESN and SCM
automatically transmitted ]
Validation Procedure at MSC & Voice-Frequency pair Allocation
Base Station Pages the Information for the Mobile
MSC Connects the Mobile with the Called Party[Another Mobile/Landline Phone]
Call is Established and Communication Starts
Cellular Mobile Communications-I
An Introduction
Comparison of Common Wireless Communication
Systems
Comparison of Mobile Communication Systems - Mobile/Base Station
Required
Coverage Hardware Carrier
System Infra- Complexity Functionality
Range Cost Frequency
Structure
Tv Remote Control Low Low Low Low Infra-Red Tx/Rx
Garage Door Contol Low Low Low Low <100 Mhz Tx/Rx
Paging System High High Low/High Low/High <1GHz Rx/Tx
Cordless Phone Low Low Moderate/Low Low/Moderate <100 MHz Transceiver
Cellular Phone High High High Moderate/High <1 GHz Transceiver
Tx = Transmitter Rx = Receiver
Cellular Mobile Communications-I
An Introduction
Cellular Mobile Access Technologies
FDMA Assigns each Call a Separate Frequency
Works like Radio Stations
Mainly Analogue Technology-used by AMPS, NAMPS, E-TACS, NMT-450, JTACS
Not an Efficient Method for Digital Transmission
849 MHz
869 MHz
Cellular Mobile Communications-I
An Introduction
Cellular Mobile Access Technologies
TDMA Assigns each Call a
certain Time-Slot on a Designated
Frequency
Each Mobile/User gets one-third of
a total Channel Time-Slot[6.7 ms]
Courtesy of Compression
Techniques: Speech Data in Digital
Form takes considerably less time
Optimal Frequency Usage: System
Capacity improves by three times
Operates both in 800 MHz[IS-54]
and 1900 MHz[IS-136]
Digital Access Technology use by
GSM, USDC, IDEN, PDC and PCS
Cellular Mobile Communications-I
An Introduction
Cellular Mobile Access Technologies
CDMA Assigns a Unique Code to
each Call and Spreads it over the entire
bandwidth available
A form of Spread Spectrum
Technology
Speech Data is sent in small pieces
over number of Discrete Frequencies
available at any time in a specified range
Receiver uses the same unique Code
to Recover the Speech Data
GPS used for Exact Time Stamp
Can handle 8-10 Calls in the same
Channel Space as one Analogue Channel
An Access Technology for 3G Mobile
Systems[IMT-2000]
Supports both Bands [800 MHz and
1900 MHz]
Cellular Mobile Communications
An Introduction
Trends in Cellular radio and Personal
Communications
PCS/PCN: PCS calls for more personalized services whereas
PCN refers to Wireless Networking Concept-any person,
anywhere, anytime can make a call using PC. PCS and PCN
terms are sometime used interchangeably
IEEE 802.11: A standard for computer communications using
wireless links[inside building].
ETSI’s 20 Mbps HIPER LAN: Standard for indoor Wireless
Networks
IMT-2000 [International Mobile Telephone-2000
Standard]: A 3G universal, multi-function, globally compatible
Digital Mobile Radio Standard is in making
Satellite-based Cellular Phone Systems
A very good Chance for Developing Nations to Improve
their Communication Networks
