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Lesson 2 - Computer Organization, Memory and Storage

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jerick b. Culaniban
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35 views

Lesson 2 - Computer Organization, Memory and Storage

Uploaded by

jerick b. Culaniban
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASIC

COMPUTER
ORGANIZATION, Memory and
Storage, Hardware and Software
BASIC ELEMENTS OR
COMPONENTS OF A
COMPUTER
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF EACH
UNIT OF A COMPUTER
SYSTEM
Input Device
• Through this unit, a complete set of instructions and data is fed into
the computer system and into the memory unit, to be stored until
needed.
• In short, the following functions are performed by an input device:
I. It accepts data and instructions in a form understandable to human
beings from the outside world.
II. It converts these data and instructions into a computer acceptable
form.
III. It supplies the converted instructions and data to the memory unit
of the computer or register unit of CPU for further processing.
Computer Hardware
What is computer hardware?
• It is a collective term used to describe any of the physical components
of an analog or digital computer.
• The term hardware distinguishes a computing device's tangible
aspects from software, consisting of written, machine-readable
instructions or programs that tell physical components what to do and
when to execute the instructions.
• Computer hardware can be categorized as being either internal or
external components.
Categories of
Computer Hardware
Internal Computer Hardware
Components
• Motherboard
This printed circuit board holds
the central processing unit (CPU) and
other essential internal hardware and
functions as the central hub that all other
hardware components run through.
• CPU
The CPU is the brain of the computer
that processes and executes digital
instructions from various programs; its
clock speed determines the computer's
performance and efficiency in processing
data.
• RAM
It is temporary memory storage that
makes information immediately
accessible to programs; RAM is volatile
memory, so stored data is cleared when
the computer powers off.
• Hard Disk Drive
Hard disk drives are physical
storage devices that store both permanent
and temporary data in different formats,
including programs, OSes, device files,
photos, etc.
• Solid-state drive (SSD)
SSDs are solid-state storage devices
based on NAND flash memory
technology; SSDs are non-volatile, so
they can safely store data even when the
computer is powered down.
• Heat sink
This is a passive piece of hardware that
draws heat away from components to
regulate/reduce their temperature to help
ensure they continue to function
properly.
• Graphics processing unit (GPU)
This chip-based device processes
graphical data and often functions as an
extension to the main CPU.
• Network interface card (NIC)
A NIC is a circuit board or chip that
enables the computer to connect to a
network; also known as a network
adapter or local area network adapter, it
typically supports connection to an
Ethernet network.
• Power Supply
A power supply takes electricity from an
external power source or laptop battery
and passes it to the motherboard to
power individual hardware components.
this makes it essential to use a power
supply with suitable wattage.
External Computer Hardware
Components
• Mouse
A mouse is a hand-held pointing device
that moves a cursor around a computer
screen and enables interaction with
objects on the screen. It may be wired or
wireless.
• Keyboard
A keyboard is an input device featuring a
standard QWERTY keyset that enables
users to input text, numbers or special
characters.
• Microphone
A microphone is a device that translates
sound waves into electrical signals and
supports computer-based audio
communications.
• Camera
A camera captures visual images and
streams them to the computer or through
a computer to a network device.
• Touchpad
A touchpad is an input device, external
or built into a laptop, used to control the
pointer on a display screen. It is typically
an alternative to an external mouse.
• USB flash drive
A USB flash drive is an external,
removable storage device that uses flash
memory and interfaces with a computer
through a USB port.
• Memory card
A memory card is a type of portable
external storage media, such as a
CompactFlash card, used to store media
or data files.
• Monitor
A monitor is an output device similar to a
TV screen that displays information,
documents or images generated by the
computing device.
• Printer
Printers render electronic data from a
computer into printed material.
• Speaker
A speaker is an external audio output
device that connects to a computer to
generate a sound output.
• Headphones, earphones, earbuds
Similar to speakers, these devices
provide audio output that's audible only
to a single listener.
Software
Software

• It is made of one or more computer programs

• The term “software” was first proposed by Alan Turing and used in
this sense by John W. Tukey in 1957

• It can be classified into broad categories:

System Software, and

Application Software
System software

• It is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware, to


provide basic functionalities and to provide a platform for running
application software.

• Includes device drivers, operating system, servers, utilities and window


systems.

• Is responsible for managing a variety of independent hardware


components, so that they can work together harmoniously.
Application software

• A computer software designed to help the user to perform singular or


multiple related specific tasks.

• Manipulate texts, numbers and graphics in the form of software


focused on a certain task like word processing, spreadsheet or playing
of audio and video files.

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