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12 views24 pages

Variable Reviewer

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username
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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VARIABLES

Is a central concept in research. It is a measurable


characteristic that changes in value.

It is also anything that may assume varied numerical or


categorical values.
TYPES OF VARIABLES:
Continuous Variable
A variable that can take infinite number on the value that can occur within a
population.

A. Interval Variable
It is a measurement where the difference between to variable does
have meaning.
Ex: Temperature Salary

B. Ratio Variable
Possesses the properties of interval variable and has a clear
definition of zero, indication that there is none of that variable.
Ex: Height Weight Distance
TYPES OF VARIABLES:
Discrete Variable
Also known as CATEGORICAL/ CLASSIFICATORY Variable, is any variable that
has limited number of distinct values and which cannot be divided into fractions like
sex, blood group, and number of children in the family.
A. Nominal Variable
Is a variable with no quantitative value. It has two or more categories
but does not imply ordering of cases.
Ex: Eye Color Religion Business Type
A. Ordinal Variable
Is a variable that has two or more categories which can be ranked.
Ex: Not Very Much – Much – Very Much
KINDS OF VARIABLES:
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Those that probably cause, influence, or affect outcomes

DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Those that depend on the independent variables; they are the outcomes or
results of the influence of the independent variable.
DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
If a scientist conducts an experiment to test the theory that
a vitamin could extend a person’s life expectancy,
Then the amount of vitamin that is given to the subjects
within the experiment is the independent variable.
DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

The variable being affected by the independent


variable is the life span.
DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

To determine whether how long a students sleep


affects test scores,
The independent variable is the length of time
spent in sleeping, the dependent variable is the
test score.
DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

A scientist studies the impact of withholding


affection on rats. The independent variable is the
amount of affection, the dependent variable is
the reaction of rats.
DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

A scientist studies how many days people can


eat soup until they got sick. The independent
variable is the number of days of consuming
soup.
The dependent variable is the on set of illness.
KINDS OF VARIABLES:
INTERVENING VARIABLES
Variables that “stand between” the independent and dependent variable, and
they show the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
KINDS OF VARIABLES:
CONTROL VARIABLES
A special types of independent variables that are measured in a study because
they potentially influence the dependent variable.

CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
Variables that are not actually measured or observed in a study. They exist but
their influence cannot be directly detected in a study.
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY 2
2
ACTIVITY 2
RESEARCH TOPIC
Sources of Research Topic or Problems

1. Prevailing theories or Philosophy.


2. Observations, intuitions or a combination of both
3. Different subjects taken and from them identify a
problem that interests a student-researcher most.
4. Fields of interest or specialization or event from related
fields
RESEARCH TOPIC
Sources of Research Topic or Problems

5. Existing problems in the classroom/school/campus/university


which one may want to solve are good sources of research
problems.
6. Existing needs of the community or society
7. Repetition or extension of investigations already conducted or
may be an offshoot of studies underway.
RESEARCH TOPIC
Sources of Research Topic or Problems

8. Related studies and literatures


9. Advice of authorities or experts from funding agencies
10. Offshoots of friendly conversations
11. Incidental from interesting topics of professors
during the course meeting.
SELECTING THE RESEARCH TOPIC:

1. It should be something new or different from what has


already been written about.
2. It must be original.
3. It should be significant to the field of study or
discipline.
4. It must necessarily arouse intellectual curiosity.
5. It should be of researchers interest and researchers
must be with the topic.
6. It should be a modest one for a beginner to be carried
on within a limited period of time.
7. It should be clear, not ambiguous.
8. It should be specific, not general.
9. It should consider the training and personal
qualifications of the researchers.
10. It should consider the availability of data involved in the
study and the methods and techniques to be employed in
gathering them.
11. It should consider the availability of effective instruments for
gathering the data and their treatment.
12. It should consider the financial capacity of the researchers to
support the project.
13. It should consider the time factor involved in the
undertaking
SELECTED GUIDELINES IN THE FORMULATION OF
A RESEARCH TITLE:
1. The Title must contain:
a. The subject matter or research problem;
b. The setting or locale of the study;
c. The respondents or participants involved in the study; and
d. The time or period when the study was conducted
2. The Title must be broad enough to include all aspects
of the study but should be brief and concise as possible.
3. The use of terms as “Analysis of”, “A study of”, “An
Investigation of”, and the like should be avoided. All these
are understood to have been done in a research.
4. If the title contains more than one line, it should be
written in inverted pyramid.
5. When typed or encoded in the page, all words in the title
should be in capital letters.
6. If possible, the title should not be longer than 15 substantive
words.
7. Avoid a long, detailed title that gives too much information.
8. To shorten the title, delete the terms “assessment” or
“evaluation” if these are already emphasized in the text
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TITLE:

1. A title should give readers information about the


contents of the research and is preferable to one that is
vague or general.
2. Titles do not need to be stuffy or dull but they should
generally give readers some idea at the outset of what
the research paper will contain.

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