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1.introduction To Microprocessor

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13 views33 pages

1.introduction To Microprocessor

Uploaded by

ungabunga0026
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Microprocessor

Md. Shafqat Talukder Rakin


Lecturer, Department of CSE,
United International University Courtesy: Nasif M. Sir
Email id : [email protected]
Overview of microcomputer
structure and operation

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What are we going to
learn
• Microprocessor and Interfacing
• Microcomputer
• 8086 microprocessor
• Interfacing

• Microcontroller
• ATMEGA32
• Serial Protocols

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Major Parts Of a Microcomputer

• CPU
• Memory
• Input / Output circuitry
• Buses:
• Address bus
• Data bus
• Control bus

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Micro-computer overview

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• It controls the operation of computer
• The CPU fetches binary-coded instructions from memory
• Decodes the instructions into a series of simple actions
• Carries out these actions in a sequence of steps

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Input / Output
• They are used to take data from outside world or
send data to the outside world
• I/O devices are connected with microprocessor
through I/O ports
• Example: Keyboards, video display terminals,
printers, modems

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Memory
• It stores the binary codes for the sequences of
instructions

• It stores binary coded data

• Example: ROM, RAM, magnetic / optical disks

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Memory Organization:
• Processor memory
• Primary or main memory
• Secondary memory

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Processor Memory:
• It refers to the microprocessor registers which are
used to hold temporary results when computation
is in progress
• No speed disparity between these registers and
microprocessor because they are fabricated using
the same technology
• Costly

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Primary Memory
• This is the storage area in which all programs are
executed
• The microprocessor can directly access only those
items that are stored in primary memory
• All programs and data must be within the primary
memory prior to execution
• Example: ROM, RAM

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Secondary Memory
• It stores program and data in excess of main memory
• Microprocessor can not directly execute programs
which are stored in secondary memory
• In order to execute these programs, the
microprocessor must transfer them to its main
memory by a system program called
operating system
• Example: Floppy disk, Hard disk etc.

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Figure: ROM

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Figure: RAM

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Figure: Floppy Disk

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Figure: Hard Disk

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BUS

• The bus is an electrical path that connects the CPU,


memory, and the other hardware devices on the
motherboard.
• The bus is a group of parallel wires.
• The number of wires in the bus affects the speed
at which data can travel between hardware
components, just as the number of lanes on a
highway affects how long it takes people to reach
their destinations.
Because each wire can transfer 1 bit of data at a time, an
8-wire bus can move 8 bits at a time, which is a full
byte. A 16-bit bus can transfer 2 bytes, and a 32-bit bus
can transfer 4 bytes at a time. Newer model computers
have a 64-bit bus, which transfers 8 bytes at a time. 22
Figure:
BUS

With a wider bus, the computer can move more data in the same
amount of time (or the same amount of data in less time).
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Address Bus
• The address bus is a set of wires. It consists of 16, 20,
24, 32 or 36 parallel unidirectional signal lines
• On these lines the CPU sends out the address of the
memory location or I/O port that is to be written to or
read from
• The number of locations that the CPU can address is
determined by the number of address lines

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Data Bus
• The data bus is a set of wires which
consists of 8, 16, 32 parallel
bidirectional signal lines
• Many devices in the system will have
their output connected to data bus,
but only one device at a time will have
its output enabled

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Control Bus
• The control bus is a set of wires which consists of 4 to 10
parallel signal lines
• The CPU sends out signals on the control bus to enable
the outputs of addressed memory devices or I/O devices
• Example of control signals: Memory read, Memory write

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