Chapter# 1

Introduction to Statistics

© 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 2-1

 WHAT IS STATISTICS?
STATISTICS: The science of collecting,
organizing, presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting data to assist in making more
effective decisions.

1.1 Statisticsis a science that helps us make
better decisions in Science, business and
economics as well as in other fields.
 Statistics teaches us how to summarize,
analyze, and draw meaningful inferences from
data that then lead to improve decisions.
 These decisions that we make help us improve
the execution of a department, a company, the
entire economy, etc.
 Key Definitions
 A population (universe) is the collection of all
members of a group
 A sample is a portion of the population
selected for analysis
 A parameter is a numerical measure that
describes a characteristic of a population
 A statistic is a numerical measure that
describes a characteristic of a sample
 1.2 Population vs. Sample

Population Sample

a b cd b c
ef gh i jk l m n gi n
o p q rs t u v w o r u
x y z y

Measures used to describe a Measures computed from

population are called sample data are called
parameters statistics
 Two Branches of Statistics

 Descriptive statistics
 Collecting, organizing, summarizing, and
presenting data
 Inferential statistics
 Drawing conclusions about a population based
only on sample data

Chap 1-5
 1.3 Descriptive Statistics

 Collect and organized data

 e.g., Survey
 Present data
 e.g., Tables and graphs
 Characterize data
 e.g., Sample mean =
X i

Chap 1-6
 1.4 Inferential Statistics
 Estimation
 e.g., Estimate the population
mean weight using the
sample mean weight
 Hypothesis testing
 e.g., Test the claim that the
population mean weight is
120 pounds

Drawing conclusions about a population based

on sample results.
Chap 1-7
 1.5 Collecting Data
Primary Secondary
Data Collection Data Compilation

Print or Electronic

Observation Survey

Experimentation

Chap 1-8
 1.6 Types of Data
Data

Qualitative (Categorical) Quantitative (Numerical)

Examples:
 Marital Status
Political Party
Discrete Continuous


 Eye Color
(Defined categories)

Examples: Examples:
 Number of Children
 Weight
 Defects per hour
 Voltage
(Counted items)
 (Measured
characteristics)
Chap 1-9
 1.7 Qualitative vs Quantitative Data
Qualitative Data Quantitative Data
Overview: Overview:
•Deals with descriptions. •Deals with numbers.

•Data can be observed but •Data which can be

not measured. measured.

•Colors, textures, smells, •Length, height, area, volume,

tastes, appearance, beauty, weight, speed, time,
etc. temperature, humidity, sound
levels, cost, members, ages,
•Qualitative → Quality etc.
•Quantitative → Quantity
Example 1: Oil Painting

Qualitative data: Quantitative data:

*red/green color, gold frame *picture is 10" by 14”

*smells old and musty •with frame 14" by 18”
*texture shows brush strokes of oil paint * weighs 8.5 pounds
*masterful brush strokes •surface area of painting is 140
sq. inch.
*cost $300
Example 2: Latte

Qualitative data: Quantitative data:

*robust aroma *12 ounces of latte

*frothy appearance *serving temperature 1500 F.
* strong taste *serving cup 7 inches in height
*glass cup *cost $4.95
 1.9 Organizing Numerical Data
Numerical Data 41, 24, 32, 26, 27, 27, 30, 24, 38, 21

Ordered Stem and Leaf Frequency Distributions

Display and
Cumulative Distributions
Array 2 144677
21, 24, 24, 26, 27,
3 028
27, 30, 32, 38, 41
4 1 Histograms Ogive

Tables Polygons
© 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 2-13
 1.10 Stem and Leaf plot

Example (1.1)
Quiz Scores of Probability and Statistics Course
of 20 students are given (Max. Marks = 50):

12, 34, 41, 17, 23, 37, 28,10, 4, 45, 2, 23, 27,
36, 50, 36, 37, 23, 43, 17.

Construct Stem and Leaf plot of the above

data.
 1.11 Box Plot or Box whisker plot
 In descriptive statistics, a box plot or boxplot
(also known as a box and whisker plot) is a
type of chart often used in data analysis. Box
plots visually show the distribution of
numerical data and skewness by displaying
the data quartiles (or percentiles) and
averages.
 Box plots show the five-number summary of
a numerical data set: including the minimum
value or score, first (lower) quartile, median
or 2nd quartile, third (upper) quartile, and
maximum value or score.
 1.11 Box Plot or Box whisker plot
 Box plots divide the data into 4 equal
sections. Each section containing
approximately 25% of the whole data set as
shown below:
 1.11 Box Plot or Box whisker plot
 Box plots divide the data into 4 equal
sections. Each section containing
approximately 25% of the whole data set as
shown below:
 1.11 Box Plot or Box whisker plot

Example (1.2) :
Consider the following data denotes diameter
of the tire of different vehicles in inches.

12, 13, 17, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37,
38, 41,42, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58.

Construct or compute boxplot.

 1.11 Box Plot or Box whisker plot

Solution :
Step1: To construct boxplot, we have to first sort the
data set or data. Here data is already sort

Step 2: Compute Q1, Q2 or median and Q3 of

the above data set, therefore

( )
𝒕𝒉
𝒏+𝟏
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑸𝟏 = 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟒
 1.11 Box Plot or Box whisker plot

Since here n = 20, Min value = 12 & Max value = 58.

1.11 Box Plot or Box whisker plot
 1.11 Box Plot or Box whisker plot

Step 3: We plot box or box whisker plot as:

Q1 Q2 Q3

12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 58
25 33.5 42.5
 1.11 Box Plot or Box whisker plot

Example (1.3)
Reconsider data of example (1.1).

Construct or compute boxplot

 Chapter# 2

Measures of Central Tendency

& Measures of Dispersion

© 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 2-24

 (2. 1) Basic Descriptive Data Analysis

Descriptive analysis is the process of summarizing and

analyzing the key features and characteristics of a dataset. The
goal of descriptive analysis is to provide insights into the
underlying patterns, trends, and distributions of the data, using
statistical measures and visual representations.

Some common techniques for descriptive analysis include:

1. Measures of central tendency

2. Measures of dispersion or variation
3. Frequency distributions (We not consider this topic in this course)
4. Correlation analysis
5. Regression analysis
© 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 2-25
 (2.2) Measures of Central Tendency

We formally define, measure of central tendency is a single

value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the
central position within that set of data. As such, measures of
central tendency are sometimes called measures of central
location. They are also classified as summary statistics. The
mean (often called the average) is most likely the measure of
central tendency that you are most familiar. But along with
mean, there are 2 others measure of Central Tendency such as
the median and the mode.
 (2.3) Criteria of satisfactory Average or Mean

The attributes of good estimation of calculated

mean or satisfactory computation of average is
listed below:
1. Rigorously defined i.e. it has mathematical
properties and has meaningful interpretation for
any set of measurements.
2. Base on all the available observations or data.
3. Simple to understand and easy to interpret.
4. Quickly and easily calculated.
5. Amenable to mathematical treatment.
Chap 1-27
 (2.3) Criteria of satisfactory Average or Mean

6. Relatively stable in repeated sampling

experiments.
7. Not excessively influenced by abnormally large
or small observations.

Chap 1-28
 (2.4) Types of Average or Mean

There are 4 types of mean.

1. Mean or Average or Arithmetic Mean (AM)
2. Weighted Mean or Weighted AM
3. Geometric mean (GM)
4. Harmonic mean (HM)
Note: here in lecture 1, we discussed all types of
mean or average in view of ungroup data or data
set.

Chap 1-29
 (2.5) Arithmetic Mean (AM) or Mean or average

For population data, mean or average or AM

define mathematically as (For ungroup data) :

For sample data, AM or mean is:

Chap 1-30