A Mathematical

System
Objectives:
a. Describe mathematical system,
b. Define each part of mathematical system,
1. undefined terms
2. defined terms
3. postulates
4. theorems
c. Illustrate how the four parts of mathematical
system related to one another.
A mathematical system is a set of structures designed to
provide order and procedural operation in certain discipline.

Axiomatic structure or axiomatic system refers to any set

of axioms form which other axioms can be used in conjunction
with derived theorems.

Axioms are mathematical statements that serve as an entry

statement in deriving other logically statement. When proving
statement, a starting point must be first established and at
the same time assume some statements are true.
 MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM

UNDEFINED DEFINED AXIOMS/ THEOREM

TERMS TEMS POSTULATES

In geometry, we A statement
Unlike undefined
come across with which accepted A theorem is a
terms (which do
terms which as true without statement that
not have a formal
cannot be the proof. These can be proven.
definition), these
precisely defined. statements can Once theorem is
terms have a
In modern be used as proven, it can
formal definition.
mathematics we reasons in also be used as
They are used to
do accept certain proving some reason in proving
define even more
undefined terms mathematical other statements
terms.
by description. statements.
 MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM

UNDEFINED DEFINED AXIOMS/

TERMS TEMS POSTULATES THEOREMS

Collinear
Point Axioms Theorems
Points
Coplanar
Line Postulates
Points
The shortest
Subsets of a segment from a point
Plane
Line not on a line to the
Two points line is the
Line Line Segment line on the perpendicular
same line segment
 Activity:

rope
sesame seed board corner of a box

carpet

edge of a table
notepad pencil
tip of a pen
 POINT, LINE AND PLANE

Point
sesame seed corner of a box tip of a pen

Line
rope
edge of a table pencil

Plane notepad

board carpet
Lets try!
Tell whether each of the following represents a point,
line or a plane.

Point 1. stars in the sky Plane 7. top of the box

Line 2. curtain rod Plane 8. page of the book
Line 3. edge of a ruler Line 9. a magic wand
Plane 4. cartolina Point 10. button
Point 5. a knot on a piece Point 11. mole
of thread Plane 12. handkerchief
Line
6. a clothesline
 POINT
 A point can be viewed as something having a specific
position but without dimension, length, width, thickness
and does not occupy area.
 A point is name using a CAPITAL LETTER and it can be
modeled by dot.

A C

B D
 All figures geometrics are made up of collection points.
Illustrative Examples:
The following real world objects
illustrate a point.
1.Tip of a pen
2.Corner of a bond paper
3.Tip of a hair strand
4. Intersection of two strings
 LINE
 A line is a one-dimensional figure composed of infinite
number of points. It has unspecified length but without width
nor thickness. In geometry, a line will always be a straight
line that extends indefinitely in two opposite directions.

Arrowheads symbolizes infinity.

In denoting a line, two of its named points are used.
The line below is line GN, written in symbol as
l line l ´
𝒍
line GN or line NG
G N
Two points determine a line or
Illustrative Examples
The following real world objects
illustrate a line:
1.A straight string
2.Edge of a bond paper
3.A strand of hair
4.Intersection of ceiling and a wall
 PLANE
 A plane is usually represented by flat surface
where infinite number of lines can lie. It has
unspecified width and length, but without
thickness. Consequently, the plane extends
indefinitely in all direction.
 A parallelogram is usually used to represent a
plane. In denoting a plane, a capital letter or an
uppercase Greek letter used. The planes
below are planes D (greek letter alpha).
L I
D plane D plane LEF

plane LIF plane EFI

plane IFE plane LIFE

E F
At least three non-collinear
points determine a plane.
Illustrative Examples
The following real –world objects
illustrate a plane:
1. A white board
2. Screen of an iPad
3. Flooring of a room
4. A sheet of paper
 DEFINED TERMS
Collinear Points Non-collinear Points
-Are points that lie on the - Are points that do not lie on
same line the same line.
C

A B C A B

Points A, B, and C are Points A, B, and C are

collinear points. non-collinear points.
 DEFINED TERMS
Coplanar Points Non-coplanar Points
-Are points that lie on the - Are points that do not lie on
same plane the same plane

B B
C
C
A A
Points A, B, and C are Points A, B, and C are
coplanar points. non-coplanar points.
 DEFINED TERMS
LINE SEGMENT RAY OPPOSITE RAYS

A B A B A B C
A line segment is a A ray is part of a line Are rays with common
part of a line with only one endpoint endpoint but extending
consisting two and extending in only in opposite directions.
endpoints and all the one direction.
points in between. A ray is named with its Common endpoint: B
endpoints first, followed
The line segment may by another point on the Opposite rays:
be called or Its ray. and
endpoints are A and The ray can be named
B. read as “ray AB”.
 Lets Try!
1. Name all the points. a b
●A, ●L, ●M, ●N, and ●O
2. Name all the lines using a script letter.
line a line b line c line d L M
3. What is the other name for line a?
c
line LO or line OL A
4. Using script letter, named a plane
P
formed by the four lines.
plane P O d
N
5. Name the plane in three different ways
using three points.
plane LMN plane MNO plane NOL
Determine whether each of the following is TRUE or FALSE.
1. A, N, and D are coplanar. A N D
2. A, R, Z, and K are
coplanar. E I
3. C, R, Z, and T are non-
coplanar.
4. M, K, and T are coplanar. C
R Z
5. M, R, A and I are coplanar.
T
6. R, Z and T are non-
collinear M K
7. E, C and M are collinear.
8. Intersection of and is point
A.
Assignment:
Draw and label the diagram.

1. plane QRST
2. Plane S
3. line f containing points M and N.
4. Point B contained in plane Q
5. Line CD on plane B and point E not on
plane
6. Plane D contains three non-collinear points
A, B, and C.
 AXIOMS/POSTULATES THEOREMS

Postulate 1 Postulate 4 Theorem 1

Postulate 2 Postulate 5 Theorem 2

Postulate 3 Postulate 6 Theorem 3

 AXIOMS/POSTULATES
Postulate 1: A line contains at least two points.
h Line h contains A and
B.

Postulate 2: A plane contains at least three non-

collinear points.
Through points A, B, and
D C, there is exactly one
B
plane (plane D). Plane D
contains at least three
A C non-collinear points,
 AXIOMS/POSTULATES
Postulate 3: Trough any two points, there is exactly
one line. Two points determine
h a line.

Postulate 4: Trough any three non-collinear points,

there is exactly one plane.

B D Through points A, B, and

C, there is exactly one
plane, plane D.
A C
 AXIOMS/POSTULATES
Postulate 5: If any two points lie in the plane, then the
line joining them lies in that plane.
B C lies in the plane C
A

Postulate 6: If two planes intersect, then their

intersection is a line.
A C Plane C and D intersects at
D
The intersections of two planes is a
LINE.
B
 THEOREMS
Theorem 1: If two lines intersect, then they intersect
in exactly one point.
A

B E D
C
is intersects at at point E. Point E is the point
of intersection
 THEOREMS
Theorem 2: If a point lies outside a line, then
exactly one plane contains both the line and the
point. .
B C
A
D

Plane C contains and point D.

 THEOREMS
Theorem 3: If two lines intersect, then exactly one
plane contains both lines.
a C
b
E

The intersection of line a and b contains in

plane C. .
Lets Try!
State the postulate or theorem you would use to justify the statement made
about each figure.

1. One plane contains A, B 2. Only one line contains

and C. points Q and T
B

A T
C G

Answer: Through any three Answer: Through any two

non-collinear points, there points, there is exactly one line.
is exactly one plane. (Postulate 3)
(Postulate 4)
3. Line KL lies in plane P 4. Plane L and plane M
intersect along line n.
n
L M
L P
K

Answer: If two points lie in Answer: If two planes intersect,

the plane, then the line then their intersection is a line.
joining them lies in that (Postulate 6)
plane. (Postulate 5)
5. There is another point 6. One plane contains lines
besides A and d. m and n.
n
m
d
A E

Answer: A line contains at Answer: if two lines intersect,

least two points. (Postulate 1) then exactly one plain contains
both lines. (Theorem 3)
7. One plane contains line 8. Lines s and t intersect at M
AB and D. at no other point.
s t
B C
A
D M

Answer: If a point lies outside Answer: If two lines intersect,

a line, then exactly one plane then they intersect in exactly
contains both the line and one point. (Theorem 1)
the point. (Theorem 2)