LIMIT OF
LOGARITHMIC
. A logarithm is defined using an exponent
• = a ⇔ logb a = x
bx
Apart from these, we have several other properties of logarithms
which are directly derived from the exponent rules and the
definition of the logarithm (which is ax = m ⇔ logₐ m = x).
a0 = 1 ⇒ logₐ 1 = 0
0
3 =1 ⇒ log 3 1=0
LOGARITHMS
the exponent or power to which a base must be
raised to yield a given number. Expressed
mathematically, x is the logarithm of n to the base
b if bx = n, in which case one writes x = logb n
Natural Log and Common Log
They have loge and log10. These two logs
have specific importance and specific
names in logarithms
•loge is called the natural log
•log10 is called the common log
Natural Logarithm
Natural logarithm is nothing but log with base e.
That is, a natural log means loge. But it is not
usually represented as loge. Instead, it is
represented as ln. i.e.,
•loge = ln
What are Properties of Log?
The properties of log are nothing but the rules of logarithms and these are derived from
the exponent rules. These properties of logarithms are used to solve the logarithmic
equations and to simplify logarithmic expressions. There are 4 important logarithmic
properties which are listed below:
logₐ mn logₐ m + logₐ n (product property)
=
logₐ m/n = logₐ m - logₐ n(quotient property)
logₐ mn = n logₐ m (power property)
logb a = (logca) / (logcb) (change of base property)
We will apply the change of base formula (by changing the base to
10). Note that log10 is same as log
NUMBER RAISE TO LOG
Example 1 Example 2
𝑥
16 log 4
=4 5
log5 ( 𝑥 + 2)
=6
log4 𝑥 X +2=6
=4
log4 𝑥 X = 6-2
=4 X=4
og 4 𝑥 =4
2 log 4 𝑥 4
=
2 2
log 4 𝑥 =2
𝟐
𝒙 =𝟒 •bx = a ⇔ logb a = x
𝒙 =𝟏𝟔
EXPANDING PRODUCT RULE
x
log 4 ( 2 𝑥 )
Simplify
x
Used the Change base rule
log 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
¿ +
𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4
log 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
¿ +
𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4
log 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
¿ +
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4
2
log 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 or + x
¿ +
2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4
LOGARITHMIC
LIMIT
EXAMPLE
)
)
log5 13
im 16
𝑥 =2
2𝑥
og 𝑥 =0 log 7
𝑥
log 7 7 𝑥 +3
lim
𝑥=1 log 7 7 𝑥 − log 7 7 𝑥
