SOFT DRINK PRODUCTION

AND BOTTLING

Yashkumar Patel (991711959)

Overview of Soft Drink Production and Bottling
in Canada

• Canada ranks around 11th globally in the soft drink market, with
revenue exceeding $12 billion USD in 2020

• The industry is concentrated in major markets like Ontario and Quebec

• Canadians consuming almost 3 billion units annually

• The industry has faced declining sales in recent years due to health
concerns
Importance to the
Canadian Economy
• Expected to lead growth, growing by 8% year over year
(YoY).

• Soft Drinks market amounts to US$6.69bn in 2024.

• Provide employment, manufacturing output, and $3.9B

tax revenue
 Products Produced

Soft Drinks Non-Alcoholic Beverages

 Major Production Steps

Water Mixing
Carbonation Filtration
Treatment and Blending

Wastewater Cleaning and

Bottling
Treatment Sanitizing Packaging
 Soft Drink Producers in Canada

$150M $43.3B $16.09B

With a 3.5% Market Share With a 28% Market Share With a 25% Market Share

The industry is dominated by Coca-Cola , PepsiCo, and Canada Dry, but there are also independent Canadian bottlers, like Pure Spring
Company Limited, Ice River Springs, National Dry Company, and Canada Pure.
 Nature of the wastewater

Cleaning
Sugars Organic Acids
Chemicals

The wastewater generated in soft drink bottling is primarily organic in nature.

Typical Pollutant Concentrations
Flow Rate BOD Suspended Solids COD

16,000 gpd 480 mg/L 480 mg/L 1000 mg/L

 Pollutant Loading calculation

Pollution Load = Concentration × Flow Rate

• For Example: Let's assume a bottling plant with an average BOD5 concentration of 480 mg/L and a daily
flow rate of 16,000 gpd.

BOD5 Loading Calculation: 480 mg/L x 16,000 gpd x 3.784 L/ 1 gal = 29,061,120 mg/day

• Converting mg/day to kg/day: We need to convert milligrams (mg) to kilograms (kg)

29,061,120 mg/day x 1 kg/1000000 mg = 29.06 L

Therefore, the estimated BOD5 loading from this bottling plant would be 29.06 kg/day.
 Wastewater Treatment Technologies

3. Direct treatment of high-

1. Soft drink industry
2. Multi-stage EGSB/MBR strength soft drink
wastewater treatment in
treatment of soft drink wastewater using a down-
microwave photocatalytic
industry wastewater flow hanging sponge
system
reactor

5. An innovative jet loop-

4. Micellar-enhanced
airlift bioreactor for the 6. Electro-Fenton oxidation
ultrafiltration of soft drink
simultaneous removal of of carbonated soft drink
wastewater using anionic
carbon and nitrogen from industry wastewater using
and mixed anionic/nonionic
soft drink industrial response surface method
surfactants
wastewater
 1. Soft drink industry wastewater treatment in microwave photocatalytic system

 Microwave Irradiation: Microwave heat the solution, increasing the reaction rate.
• This Process is either MWPC-1 with one external direct lamp or MWPC-2 with
two external direct lamp

 Photocatalyst Activation: Microwaves activate the photocatalyst, and generate

electron-hole pairs. As a catalyst, GAC-TiO2 is used.

 Hydroxyl radical generation: The electron-hole pairs react with water molecules to
produce highly reactive hydroxyl radicals.

 Contaminant Degradation: Hydroxyl radicals attack and degrade the organic

contaminants in SDIW, break down them into smaller molecules.
 2. Multi-stage EGSB/MBR treatment of soft drink industry wastewater

 Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (ESGB): This is an anaerobic biological

treatment process. ESGB encourage the growth of specific bacteria that consume
organic pollutants in SDIW.
• Produce biogas as a byproduct.

 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR): This is a separation process that utilized a

membrane to filter out impurities.
• Biological treatment stage to achieve high-quality effluent.
3. Direct treatment of high-strength soft drink wastewater using a down-flow hanging sponge reactor

 Down-flow Hanging Sponge (DHS) Reactor: This is a biological treatment

system where wastewater flows downwards through a series of sponge carriers.
• Microorganisms like bacteria from a biofilm on the surface, which degrade
the organic pollutants
• Effective for high-strength wastewater
 4. Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration of soft drink wastewater using anionic and mixed anionic/nonionic surfactants

 Surfactant Micelle Formation: Surfactants are molecules with a dual nature. One
end is attracted to water (hydrophilic) and the other one is repelled by water
(hydrophobic). Surfactant forming micelle.
• Anionic Surfactants: These have a negatively charged head group. i.g. sodium
dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a commonly used surfactant.
• Mixed Anionic/Nonionic Surfactants: These combine anionic and nonionic
(uncharged) surfactants. i.g. Alkoxylates

 Contaminant Encapsulation: Organic contaminants present in the soft drink

wastewater can become trapped within the micelles. The hydrophobic core of the
micelle provides a favorable environment for these organic molecules

 Ultrafiltration Separation: The wastewater solution containing the micelles is then

passed through a special ultrafiltration membrane. The membrane allows water and
small molecules to pass through while retaining the larger micelles on the feed side.
 5. jet loop-airlift bioreactor

 Jet Loop-Airlift Bioreactor: Creates different oxygen conditions

within a single tank, allowing for:
• Anoxic zone: Suitable for removing nitrogen through a
process called denitrification.
• Aerobic zone: Ideal for degrading organic matter (carbon)
through aerobic respiration.

 The process involves a continuous flow of wastewater and air.

The jet loop creates circulation patterns within the tank,
promoting mixing and mass transfer.
 6. Electro-Fenton oxidation of carbonated soft drink using response surface methodology

 Electro-Fenton Oxidation: hydroxyl radicals (•OH) are generated

electrochemically from the reaction between hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) and ferrous ions (Fe^2+) in the presence of an electric
current.
• These highly reactive hydroxyl radicals can then oxidize and
degrade organic pollutants present in the wastewater.
• Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2): Acts as an oxidizing agent.
• Iron (Fe) catalyst: Enhances the production of hydroxyl
radicals (OH•).
• Electrolysis: Provides additional activation and promotes the
generation of hydroxyl radicals.
• Hydroxyl radicals (OH•) are highly reactive and can
effectively degrade organic pollutants present in the SDIW.
Typical Removal Efficiency and Concentration for the Mentioned
Technologies
Efficiency Concentration
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) - 90% COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) - 92 mg/L
BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) - 90% BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) - < 50 mg/L
TSS (Total suspended solids) - 90% TSS (Total suspended solids) - < 50 mg/L
TDS (Total dissolved solids) - 80-90% TDS (Total dissolved solids) - < 2000 mg/L
pH- 6.5 to 8
 Pollution Prevention

Using wastewater Wastewater reuse as a

Equipment
Wastewater Re-use Ingredient from the soft drinks growth medium for On-site biological
Maintenance and leak
and Recycling Substitution industry for Saccharomyces treatment
detection systems
bioethanol production cerevisiae production
Performance Improvement

Implement anaerobic digestion followed by membrane bioreactors (MBRs)

Adding chemicals like methanol, nitrogen, and phosphorus salts

Water conservation techniques such as close loop system, end of pipe treatment

Ingredient optimization

Legislative measures

Using technologies like ozonation, ozonation-H₂O₂, ozonation-coagulation processes, electrocoagulation-electrooxidation processes, and
up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors

Implement counter-current rinsing systems for bottle washing

 References
• Soft Drinks - Canada | Statista Market Forecast. Statista. https://www.statista.com/outlook/cmo/non-alcoholic-drinks/soft-drinks/canada.

• IBISWorld - Canadian Soft Drink Industry Market Research, Reports, and Statistics. www.ibisworld.com.
https://www.ibisworld.com/canada/market-research-reports/soda-production-industry/.

• Types of Soft Drinks.

https://www.changelabsolutions.org/sites/default/files/ChangeLab-Beverage_Industry_Report-FINAL_%28CLS-20120530%29_201109.pd
f

• Soft Drink Wastewater Nature and Treatment. SSI Aeration. https://www.ssiaeration.com/industries/soft-drinks/

• How soft drink is made - production process, making, history, used, product, industry, machine. www.madehow.com.
https://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Soft-Drink.html.

• Soft Drink Filtration - Food & Beverage | Pall Corporation | Source Image. www.pall.com.
https://www.pall.com/en/food-beverage/non-alcoholic-beverages/soft-drinks.html

• Pollutant Concentration Before and After. login.microsoftonline.com.

https://www.proquest.com/docview/2081205072?parentSessionId=35hMjJdKOLT%2FpjUE5bYuN7e0oSdp6Dw8z169A7o851s%3D&pq-
origsite=primo&accountid=3455&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals
 References (Cont’d)
• Soft Drink Industry Wastewater Treatment in Microwave Photocatalytic System. login.library.sheridanc.on.ca.
https://www-sciencedirect-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/science/article/pii/S1383586618327047

• https://www-sciencedirect-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/science/article/pii/S1385894715014175. login.library.sheridanc.on.ca.
https://www-sciencedirect-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/science/article/pii/S1385894715014175

• Direct Treatment of high-strength Soft Drink Wastewater Using a down-flow Hanging Sponge Reactor. login.microsoftonline.com.
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1916951638?parentSessionId=7Q2GIyQu0ABYzHAWymgCgH5CIXOOMieZUefp4pUuQxg%3D&p
q-origsite=primo&accountid=3455&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals

• Micellar-enhanced Ultrafiltration of Soft Drink Wastewater Using Anionic and Mixed anionic/nonionic Surfactants.
login.library.sheridanc.on.ca. https://www-sciencedirect-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/science/article/pii/S1876107014000984

• An Innovative Jet loop-airlift Bioreactor for Simultaneous Removal of Carbon and Nitrogen from Soft Drink Industrial Wastewater.
login.library.sheridanc.on.ca. https://www-sciencedirect-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/science/article/pii/S2352186419306273
 References (Cont’d)
• Davarnejad, R.; Azizi, J.; Joodaki, A.; Mansoori, S. Optimization of Electro-Fenton Oxidation of Carbonated Soft Drink Industry
Wastewater Using Response Surface Methodology. Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 2020, 39 (2), 129.
https://doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2020.2101.

• Reducing Water Footprint in the Food and Beverage Industry. SOCOTEC UK.
https://www.socotec.co.uk/media/blog/reducing-water-footprint-in-the-food-and-beverage-industry.

• Water Quality & Wastewater Management Coca Cola. The Coca-Cola Company.
https://www.coca-colacompany.com/sustainability/water-stewardship/treating-and-recycling-wastewater.

• Muhammad, N.; Nafees, M.; Hussain, R.; Khan, M. H.; Jehan, S.; Ullah, U. Pollution and Energy Reduction Strategy in Soft Drink
Industries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2018, 25 (28), 28153–28159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2861-x.

• Wastewater from the Soft Drinks Industry as a Source for Bioethanol Production. login.library.sheridanc.on.ca.
https://www-sciencedirect-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/science/article/pii/S0960852413003246

• Eco-friendly process for soft drink industries wastewater reuse as growth medium for Saccharomyces cerevisiae production.
login.microsoftonline.com
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1829335277?parentSessionId=H7Gx5Olt2SgPp8lE%2Fl5P7%2Bo1Wf3yzORlBYN1ewm78Ss%3D&
pq-origsite=primo&accountid=3455&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals
 References (Cont’d)
• Researchgate.net.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326761347_Pollution_and_energy_reduction_strategy_in_soft_drink_industries