UNIT-3
FUNCTIONS,
LIST
TUPLE,
DICTIONARIES
Functions in PYTHON
A function is a group of related statements that
performs a specific task.
Functions are the most important aspect of an
application.
A function can be defined as the organized block
of reusable code, which can be called whenever
required
Pass data, known as parameters, into a function.
A function can return data as a result.
Functions in PYTHON
Creating a Function
In Python a function is defined using the
def keyword:
Syntax:
def my_function(parameters):
function_block
return expression
Functions in PYTHON
Example
Function definition
def hello_world():
print("hello world")
function calling
hello_world()
Functions in PYTHON
The return statement
The return statement is used at the end of the function
and returns the result of the function.
It terminates the function execution and transfers the
result where the function is called.
The return statement cannot be used outside of the
function.
Functions in PYTHON
The return statement
return [expression_list]
It can contain the expression which gets evaluated and
value is returned to the caller function.
If the return statement has no expression or does not
exist itself in the function then it returns the None
object.
Functions in PYTHON
The return statement
The return statement is used at the end of the function
and returns the result of the function.
It terminates the function execution and transfers the
result where the function is called.
The return statement cannot be used outside of the
function.
Functions in PYTHON
The return statement
def sum():
a = 10
b = 20
c = a+b
return c
print("The sum is:",sum())
Operations on Dictionaries
Python provides a variety of operations applicable to
dictionaries.
Membership Operation ( in and not in)
The membership operator in checks if the key is present
in the dictionary and
returns True, else it returns False.
>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92,
'Sangeeta':85}
>>> 'Suhel' in dict1
True
Operations on Dictionaries
The not in operator returns True if the
key is not present in the dictionary, else it
returns False.
Operations on Dictionaries
Indexing a Dictionary
The value in a dictionary D that is currently
associated with key k is denoted by an
indexing: D[k].
Indexing with a key that is not present in
the dictionary raises an exception. For
example:
Operations on Dictionaries
Indexing a Dictionary
d = { 'x':42, 'y':3.14, 'z':7 }
d['x'] # 42
d['z'] # 7
d['a'] # raises KeyError exception
Operations on Dictionaries
The del statement, in the form del D[k],
removes from the dictionary the item
whose key is k.
If k is not a key in dictionary D, del D[k]
raises an exception
Operations on Dictionaries
Traversing A Dictionary
We can access each item of the dictionary or
traverse a dictionary using for loop.
>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92,
'Sangeeta':85}
Operations on Dictionaries
Method 1:
>>> for key in dict1:
print(key,':',dict1[key])
Mohan: 95
Ram: 89
Suhel: 92
Sangeeta: 85
Operations on Dictionaries
Method II:
>>> for key,value in dict1.items():
print(key,':',value)
Mohan: 95
Ram: 89
Suhel: 92
Sangeeta: 85
Dictionary Methods
clear()
Dictionary clear() method deletes all the
key:value pairs from the dictionary.
dictionary = {"a": 4, "b": 5, "c": 6}
dictionary.clear()
print(dictionary)
o/p : { }
Dictionary Methods
copy()
Dictionary copy() method returns a copy
of the original dictionary. Any changes
made to the items in the copied dictionary
does not affect the original dictionary.
Dictionary Methods
Example :
dict = {"a": 4, "b": 5, "c": 6}
dict1 = dict.copy()
dict["b"] = 2
print(dict)
print(dict1)
Dictionary Methods
dict()--Creates a dictionary from a
sequence of key-value pairs
fromkeys()
Dictionary fromkeys() method creates a
new dictionary from the keys of given
dictionary and an optional default value
for the key-value pairs.
Dictionary Methods
Ex:
d = {"a": 4, "b": 5, "c": 6}
d1 = dict.fromkeys(d, 2)
print(d1)
get()
Dictionary get() method returns the value
for the specified key. The key is specified
by passing as argument to get() method.
Dictionary Methods
items()
Dictionary items() method returns an
iterator of type dict_items.
We can iterate over each of the key, value
in the dictionary.
Also, the dict_items type support dynamic
update to the dictionary.
Dictionary Methods
d = {"a": 4, "b": 5, "c": 6}
for key, value in dictionary.items():
print(key, '-', value)
keys()--method returns an iterator of type
dict_keys.
d = {"a": 4, "b": 5, "c": 6}
for key in d.keys():
print(key)
Dictionary Methods
values()-method returns an iterator of type
dict_values.
d = {"a": 4, "b": 5, "c": 6}
for v in d.values():
print(v)
Dictionary Methods
pop()
Dictionary pop() method removes the key-value
pair of specified key, and returns just the value.
The key is passed as argument to pop() method.
If you do not pass any key to the pop() method,
it throws TypeError.
If a key that is not present is passed, pop()
throws KeyError.
Dictionary Methods
dictionary = {"a": 4, "b": 5, "c": 6}
x = dictionary.pop("b")
print(x)
print(dictionary)
popitem()
Dictionary popitem() method removes the
last inserted key-value pair of specified
key, and returns this key-value pair.
dictionary = {"a": 4, "b": 5, "c": 6}
x = dictionary.popitem()
print(x)
print(dictionary)
setdefault()
Dictionary setdefault() method returns the
value of the specified key if the key is
present.
If the key is not present, setdefault() method
inserts a key-value pair with the default
value and returns the default value.
d = {"a": 4, "b": 5, "c": 6}
x = d.setdefault("b")
print(x)
y = d.setdefault("m", 0)
print(y) print(dictionary)
update()
Dictionary update() method updates the
key-value pairs of this dictionary with the
key-value pairs from the dictionary passed
as argument to update() method.
Values for the keys that are present are
updated, and the for the keys that are not
present, those key-value pairs are inserted.
dictionary = {"a": 4, "b": 5, "c": 6}
dictionary_1 = {"a": 8, "m": 2, "v": 7}
dictionary.update(dictionary_1)
print(dictionary)
