Artificial Intelligence
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two
words Artificial and Intelligence,
where Artificial defines "man-made," and
intelligence defines "thinking power",
hence AI means "a man-made thinking power."
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science by which
we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a
human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human-based skills
such as learning, reasoning, and solving problems.
With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do
some work, despite that you can create a machine with programmed
algorithms which can work with own intelligence, and that is the
awesomeness of AI.
It is believed that AI is not a new technology, and some people say that as
per Greek myth, there were Mechanical men in the early days who could
work and behave like humans.
Why Artificial Intelligence?
With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-
world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic
issues, etc.
With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana,
Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
With the help of AI, you can build such Robots that can work in an environment where
the survival of humans can be at risk.
AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Replicate human intelligence
Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
An intelligent connection of perception and action
Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
• Proving a theorem
• Playing chess
• Plan some surgical operation
• Driving a car in traffic
Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate,
explain, and can advise to its user.
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence is composed, so the
Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning,
learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding, etc.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence
requires the following discipline:
• Mathematics
• Biology
• Psychology
• Sociology
• Computer Science
• Neurons Study
• Statistics
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less
errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or
information.
High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision
making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the
Chess game.
High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same
action multiple times with high accuracy.
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such
as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the
products as per customer requirement.
Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-
driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for
security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in
human-language, etc.
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires
lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still
they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they
are trained, or programmed.
No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it
does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with
human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of
technology, people are getting more dependent on devices and
hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can
imagine some new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this
power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and
imaginative.
Prerequisite
Any computer language such as C, C++, Java, Python,
etc.(knowledge of Python will be an advantage)
Knowledge of essential Mathematics such as
derivatives, probability theory, etc.
Application of AI
1. AI in Astronomy
Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex
universe problems. AI technology can be helpful for
understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.
2. AI in Healthcare
In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for
the healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact on
this industry.
Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster
diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and
can inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can
reach to the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in Gaming
AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play
strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to think
of a large number of possible places.
4. AI in Finance
AI and finance industries are the best
matches for each other. The finance industry
is implementing automation, chatbot,
adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and
machine learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security
The security of data is crucial for every company and
cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in the digital world.
AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to
determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.
6.AI in Social Media
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and
Snapchat contain billions of user profiles, which
need to be stored and managed in a very efficient
way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts
of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the
latest trends, hashtags, and requirements of
different users.
7. AI in Travel & Transport
AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries.
AI is capable of doing various travel related works such
as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the
hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers.
Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which
can make human-like interaction with customers for
better and fast response.
8. AI in Automotive Industry
Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide
virtual assistant to their user for better performance.
Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent
virtual assistant.
Various Industries are currently working for developing
self-driven cars which can make your journey more safe
and secure.
9. AI in Robotics:
Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually,
general robots are programmed such that they can perform some
repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots
which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-
programmed.
Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the
intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been
developed which can talk and behave like humans.
Accessible easily at any time and any place.
10. AI in Entertainment
We are currently using some AI based
applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or
Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms,
these services show the recommendations for
programs or shows.
11. AI in Agriculture
Agriculture is an area which requires various
resources, labor, money, and time for best result.
Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI
is emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI
as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring,
predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very
helpful for farmers.
12. AI in E-commerce
AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-
commerce industry, and it is becoming more
demanding in the e-commerce business. AI
is helping shoppers to discover associated
products with recommended size, color, or
even brand.
13. AI in education:
AI can automate grading so that the
tutor can have more time to teach.
AI chat bot can communicate with
students as a teaching assistant.
History of Artificial Intelligence
Types of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence type-1: Based on Capabilities
Weak AI or Narrow AI
• Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.
The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial
Intelligence.
• Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one
specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable
ways if it goes beyond its limits.
• Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined
range of functions.
• IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert
system approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
• Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-
commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
2. General AI:
• General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual
task with efficiency like a human.
• The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be
smarter and think like a human by its own.
• Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general
AI and can perform any task as perfect as a human.
• The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines
with General AI.
• As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots
of efforts and time to develop such systems.
3. Super /Strong AI:
• Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could
surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than human
with cognitive properties. It is an outcome of general AI.
• Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability
to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate by its own.
• Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence.
Development of such systems in real is still world changing task.
Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality
1. Reactive Machines
• Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial
Intelligence.
• Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for
future actions.
• These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it
as per possible best action.
• IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
• Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
2. Limited Memory
• Limited memory machines can store past experiences or
some data for a short period of time.
• These machines can use stored data for a limited time period
only.
• Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited
Memory systems. These cars can store recent speed of nearby
cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other
information to navigate the road.
3. Theory of Mind
• Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions,
people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.
• This type of AI machines are still not developed, but
researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement for
developing such AI machines.
4. Self-Awareness
• Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial
Intelligence. These machines will be super intelligent,
and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and
self-awareness.
• These machines will be smarter than human mind.
• Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it
is a hypothetical concept.
