GENETICS

AND
HEREDITY
ANGELYN CORNEJO-
VILLAFUERTE
1. What is the basic unit of heredity?

A.Gene
B.Protein
C.Chromosome
D.Enzyme
2. What term describes the observable
characteristics or traits of an
organism?
A.Phenotype
B.Genotype
C.Homology
D.Haplotype
3. In which part of a cell does transcription
occur, converting DNA into RNA?

A.Ribosome
B.Mitochondria
C.Nucleus
D.Endoplasmic Reticulum
4. How many chromosomes do
humans typically have?
A.22
B.24
C.46
D.48
5. What is the term for a change
in an organism’s DNA sequence?
A.Variation
B.Mutation
C.Evolution
D.Selection
6. What is the term for an organism with two
different alleles for a particular gene?

A.Heterozygous
B.Homozygous
C.Hybrid
D.Recessive
7. Which scientist is known for establishing the
law of inheritance and is often called “ The Father
of Genetics.”

A.Charles Darwin
B.Alfred Wallace
C.Charles Lyell
D. Gregor Mendel
8. In a pedigree chart, what shape is typically
used to represent a male individual?

A.Circle
B.Square
C.Triangle
D.Diamond
9. In a DNA molecule, which nucleotide
always pairs with Guanine?

A.Adenine
B.Thymine
C.Uracil
D.Cytosine
10. What is the name for the process by
which genetic information is copied from
DNA to RNA?
A.Translation
B.Replication
C.Transcription
D.Mutation
1. What is the basic unit of heredity?

A.Gene
B.Protein
C.Chromosome
D.Enzyme
2. What term describes the observable
characteristics or traits of an
organism?
A.Phenotype
B.Genotype – genetic expression
C.Homology
D.Haplotype
3. In which part of a cell does transcription
occur, converting DNA into RNA?

A.Ribosome
B.Mitochondria
C.Nucleus
D.Endoplasmic Reticulum
4. How many chromosomes do
humans typically have?
A.22
B.24
C.46
D.48
5. What is the term for a change
in an organism’s DNA sequence?
A.Variation
B.Mutation
C.Evolution
D.Selection
6. What is the term for an organism with two
different alleles for a particular gene?

A.Heterozygous
B.Homozygous
C.Hybrid
D.Recessive
7. Which scientist is known for establishing the
law of inheritance and is often called “ The Father
of Genetics.”

A.Charles Darwin
B.Alfred Wallace
C.Charles Lyell
D. Gregor Mendel
8. In a pedigree chart, what shape is typically
used to represent a male individual?

A.Circle female
B.Square
C.Triangle
D.Diamond
9. In a DNA molecule, which nucleotide
always pairs with Guanine?

A.Adenine
B.Thymine
C.Uracil
D.Cytosine
10. What is the name for the process by
which genetic information is copied from
DNA to RNA?
A.Translation
B.Replication
C.Transcription
D.Mutation
 LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Explain how traits are passing through offspring using

probability and Punnet square.

Illustrate how traits are passing through offspring using

probability and Punnet square.

• Adhere the importance of genetics analysis in determine the different

diseases.
 Overview
Who is Gregor Mendel? “Father of Genetics”

Principle of Independent Assortment – Inheritance of one

trait has no effect on the inheritance of another trait
 Traits
• Genetics – study of how traits are passed from parent
to offspring
• Traits are determined by the genes on the
chromosomes. A gene is a segment of DNA that
determines a trait.
• Chromosomes come in homologous pairs, thus
genes come in pairs.
Homologous pairs – matching genes – one from
female parent and one from male parent
• Example: Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.
One set from dad – 23 in
sperm
One set from mom – 23 in egg
• One pair of Homologous Chromosomes:

Gene for eye color

(blue eyes)

Homologous pair
of chromosomes

Gene for eye color

(brown eyes)

Alleles – different genes (possibilities) for the same trait –

ex: blue eyes or brown eyes
Dominant and Recessive Genes
• Gene that prevents the other gene from “showing” –
dominant
• Gene that does NOT “show” even though it is present –
recessive
• Symbol – Dominant gene – upper case letter – T
Recessive gene – lower case letter – t

Recessive
Dominant
color
color
Example: Straight thumb is dominant to hitchhiker thumb
T = straight thumb t = hitchhikers thumb

(Always use the same letter for the same alleles—

No S = straight, h = hitchhiker’s)

Straight thumb = TT
Straight thumb = Tt
Hitchhikers thumb = tt * Must have 2 recessive alleles
for a recessive trait to “show”
• Both genes of a pair are the same –
homozygous or purebred
TT – homozygous dominant
tt – homozygous recessive

• One dominant and one recessive gene –

heterozygous or hybrid
Tt – heterozygous

BB – Black
Bb – Black w/ bb – White
white gene
Genotype and Phenotype
• Combination of genes an organism has (actual gene
makeup) – genotype
Ex: TT, Tt, tt
• Physical appearance resulting from gene make-up –
phenotype
Ex: hitchhiker’s thumb or straight thumb
Punnett Square and Probability
• Used to predict the possible gene makeup of offspring –
Punnett Square
• Example: Black fur (B) is dominant to white fur (b) in mice
1. Cross a heterozygous male with a homozygous recessive female.

Black fur (B) White fur (b)

Heterozygous Homozygous
male recessive female

White fur (b) White fur (b)

 Male = Bb X Female = bb
Female gametes – N
(One gene in egg)
b b
Possible offspring – 2N
Male gametes - N B Bb Bb
(One gene in
sperm)
bb bb

Write the ratios in the following orders:

Genotypic ratio
Genotypic ratio = 2 Bb : 2 bb homozygous : heterozygous : homozygous
50% Bb : 50% bb dominant recessive
Phenotypic ratio = 2 black : 2 white Phenotypic ratio
50% black : 50% white dominant : recessive
Cross 2 hybrid mice and give the genotypic ratio and
phenotypic ratio.

Bb X Bb B b

B BB Bb

b Bb bb

Genotypic ratio = 1 BB : 2 Bb : 1 bb
25% BB : 50% Bb : 25% bb

Phenotypic ratio = 3 black : 1 white

75% black : 25% white
Example: A man and woman, both with brown eyes (B)
marry and have a blue eyed (b) child. What are the
genotypes of the man, woman and child?

Bb X Bb
Man = Bb
B b
Woman = Bb
B BB Bb

b Bb bb
Example: A man and woman, both with brown eyes (B)
marry and have a blue eyed (b) child. What are the
genotypes of the man, woman and child?

Bb X Bb
Man = Bb
B b
Woman = Bb
B BB
BB Bb

b Bb bb
• What is the probability of a couple having a boy? Or a girl?

Chance of having female baby? 50%

male baby? 50%

X X
X XX XX

Y XY XY

Who determines the sex of the child? father

Incomplete dominance and Codominance
• When one allele is NOT completely dominant over
another (they blend) – incomplete dominance
Example: In carnations the color red (R) is incompletely
dominant over white (W). The hybrid color is
pink. Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratio from a
cross between 2 pink flowers.
R W
RW X RW
R RR RW

W RW WW

Genotypic = 1 RR : 2 RW : 1 WW
Phenotypic = 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white
• When both alleles are expressed – Codominance
Example: In certain chickens black feathers are
codominant with white feathers.
Heterozygous chickens have black and white speckled
feathers.
Sex – linked Traits
• Genes for these traits are
located only on the X
chromosome (NOT on the Y
chromosome)
• X linked alleles always show
up in males whether
dominant or recessive
because males have only
one X chromosome
• Examples of recessive sex-linked disorders:
1. colorblindness – inability to distinguish between
certain colors

You should see 58

(upper left), 18
(upper right), E
(lower left) and 17
(lower right).

Color blindness is the inability to distinguish the differences between certain colors. The most
common type is red-green color blindness, where red and green are seen as the same color.
2. hemophilia – blood won’t clot
Example: What would be the possible blood types of
children born to a female with type AB blood and
a male with type O blood?

AB
po X OO

A B
O AO BO

O AO BO

Children would be type A or B only

Mutations
• Mutation – sudden genetic change (change in base pair
sequence of DNA)
• Can be :
Harmful mutations – organism less able to survive:
genetic disorders, cancer, death
Beneficial mutations – allows organism to better
survive: provides genetic variation
Neutral mutations – neither
harmful nor helpful to organism
• Mutations can occur in 2 ways:
chromosomal mutation or
gene/point mutation
• Examples:
Down’s syndrome – (Trisomy 21) 47 chromosomes,
extra chromosome at pair #21
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