RESEARC

H1
1. Research is defined as the scientific
investigation of phenomena which
includes collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of facts that
lines an individual ‘s speculation with
reality.
2. Solutions to problems
must be based on
knowledge not on mere
beliefs, guesses or theories.
3. In research a systematic and
well-planned procedure is required
to meet the need in order that
information is acquired and
evaluate its accuracy and
effectiveness.
4. It is a process of inquiring
II. NATURE OF INQUIRY.

1. Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth,

information or knowledge”. It is a problem-
solving technique.
2. The information and data pursued through
questioning begins with gathering by applying
the different human senses.
3. Individuals carry on the
process of inquiry from birth
till death.
4. Inquiry is synonymous with
the word investigation.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

1.Empirical. Research is based on

direct experience or
observation by the researcher.
2. Logical. Research is
based on valid procedures
and principles.
3. Analytical. Research utilizes
proven analytical procedures in
gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and
experimental and case study.
4. Critical. Research
exhibits careful and
precise judgment.
5. Methodical. Research is
conducted in a methodical
manner without bias using
systematic method and
procedures.
6. Replicability. The research
design and procedures are
replicated or repeated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid
and conclusive results.
RESEARC
H
PROCESS
Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research
Problem).
❖ Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research
Problem
1. Researcher ‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator ‘s ability and training
• Step 2. Find background
information about your chosen
topic (Review of Related
Literature).
•Step 3. Plan your
research design including
your sample
(Methodology).
• Step 4. Gather necessary data using
open ended questions (for
qualitative research) and closed-
ended questionnaire or paper pencil
test questionnaire (for quantitative
research) (Data Gathering Activities).
•Step 5. Process and analyse
data using thematic analysis
(for qualitative research) and
statistical tools (for
quantitative research).
•Step 6. Formulate new insights
gained (for qualitative
research) conclusions (for
quantitative research) and
recommendations.
•Step 7. Define new
problem.
III. ETHICS IN RESEARCH

• Research ethics are guidelines for the

responsible conduct of research which educates
and monitors researchers to ensure high
standard. It promotes the aim of research, such
as expanding knowledge and supports the
values required for collaborative work, such as
mutual respect and fairness.
❖ ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN
CONDUCTING RESEARCH.
1. Objectivity and integrity
2. Respect of the research subjects
‘right to privacy and dignity and
protection of subjects from personal
harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research
collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor
 ❖ WHAT ARE THESE ETHICS IN RESEARCH 1?

1. Informed Consent. This is required to secure in order

protect the rights of the participants in your study.
Inform your participants about the criteria set for
choosing them as informants and the schedule of one-
on-one interview at the convenient time they are
available. Participation to the study will be completely
voluntary.
2. Honesty. It reports data,
results, methods and
procedures, and publication
status. Do not fabricate, falsify
and misrepresent the data.
3. Objectivity. Avoid bias in
experimental design, data
analysis, data interpretation, peer
review, personnel decisions, grant
writing, expert testimony, and
other aspects of research.
4. Integrity. Keep your promises
and agreements; act with
sincerity; strive for consistency
of thought and action.
• 5. Carefulness. Avoid careless errors
and negligence; carefully and critically
examine your work and the work of
peers. Keep good records of research
activities.
•6. Openness. Share data,
results, ideas, tools and
resources. Be open to criticism
and new ideas.
• 7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honor
patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets
and other forms of intellectual property. Do not
use published or unpublished data, methods, or
results without permission. Give credit where
credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and
falsify.
•8. Confidentiality. Protect
confidential communications,
such as papers or grants
submitted for publication,
personnel records, trade or
military secrets, and patient
records.
•9. Responsible Mentoring.
Help to educate, mentor, and
advise others. Promote their
welfare and allow them to
make their own decisions.
• 10. Responsible Publication. Publish
in order to advance research and
scholarship, not to advance your
own career. Avoid wasteful and
duplicative publication.
•11. Respect for
Colleagues. Respect your
colleagues’ opinion, treat
them fairly and do not
outsmart others.
12. Social responsibility. Strive to
promote social acceptance and
prevent or mitigate social harms
through research, public education,
and advocacy.
•13. Non-discrimination. Avoid
discrimination against colleagues
or students based on sex, race,
ethnicity, or other factors that are
not related to their scientific
competence and integrity.
• 14. Competence. Maintain and
improve your own professional
competence and expertise through
lifelong education and learning; take
steps to promote competence in
science.
•15. Legality. Know and
obey relevant laws and
institutional and
government policies.
• 16. Animal Care. Show proper
respect and care for animals when
using them in research. Do not
conduct unnecessary or poorly
designed animal experiments.
• 17. Human Subjects protection. When
conducting a research on human
subjects, minimize harms and risks and
maximize benefits, respect human
dignity, privacy, and anonymity.
IV. RIGHTS OF
RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
1. Human Rights. They are moral
principles or norms that describe certain
standards of human behavior and are
regularly protected as natural and legal
rights. They constitute a set of rights
and duties necessary for the protection
of human dignity, inherent to all human
beings.
•2. Intellectual Property. It
protects creations of the
mind, which have both a
moral and a commercial
value.
• 3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or
production of copyright-protected material
without permission of the copyright holder.
Copyright infringement means that the
rights accorded to the copyright holder,
such as the exclusive use of a work for a set
period, are breached by a third party.
Examples:
• a. Downloading movies and music without proper
payment for use.
• b. Recording movies in a theatre
• c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without
permission
• d. Copying software code without giving proper
credit
• e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips
4. Voluntary Participation. People must
not be coerced into participating in
research process. Essentially, this means
that prospective research participants
must be informed about the procedures
and risks involved in research and must
give their consent to participate.
• 5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s
identity through not disclosing their name or
not exposing their identity. It is a situation in
data gathering activities in which informant’s
name is not given nor known. 6. Privacy. It is
someone is right to keep his personal matters
and relationships secret. It is the ability of an
individual to seclude him from disturbance of
anyresearch activity.
• V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing
• Research Misconduct includes fabrication,
falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include
honest error of differences of opinion. It can
erode trust between researchers and funding
agencies, which make it more difficult for
colleagues at the same institution to receive
grants.
Plagiarism
• Plagiarism refers to the act of using another
person’s ideas, works, processes, and results
without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated
as the unauthorized use of original works, a
violation of intellectual property rights.
Three different acts are
considered plagiarism:
1. Failure to cite quotations
and borrowed ideas,
CITING A
QUOTATIO
N
Author's name in parentheses:
•One study found that the most
important element in
comprehending non-native speech
is familiarity with the topic (Gass &
Varonis, 1984).
Author's name part of narrative:
•Gass and Varonis (1984) found that
the most important element in
comprehending non-native speech
is familiarity with the topic.
•Group as author:
•First citation: (American
Psychological Association
[APA], 2015)
Subsequent citation: (APA,
2015)
•Multiple works: (separate each work
with semi-colons)
•Research shows that listening to a
particular accent improves
comprehension of accented speech
in general (Gass & Varonis, 1984;
Krech Thomas, 2004).
• Direct quote: (include page number)
• One study found that “the listener's familiarity
with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the
interpretation of the entire message” (Gass &
Varonis, 1984, p. 85).
• Gass and Varonis (1984) found that “the
listener’s familiarity with the topic of discourse
greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire
message” (p. 85).
Note: for direct quotations of more than 40 words, display the quote as an indented block of text without quotation
marks and include the authors’ names, year, and page number in parentheses at the end of the quote. For example:

This suggests ___________________________

_______________________________________
_______________________________________
__________________ comprehension. (Gass &
Varonis, 1984, p. 77)
• One author: (Field, 2005)
• Two authors: (Gass & Varonis, 1984)
• Three to five authors:
• First citation: (Tremblay, Richer, Lachance, & Cote,
2010)
Subsequent citations: (Tremblay et al., 2010)
• Six or more authors: (Norris-Shortle et al., 2006).
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in
quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in
your own words.
• Writing a Research Title
Guidelines on formulating titles of research papers
in the academe
(American Psychological Association, 2001):
1. The title should encapsulate the main idea of
the research.
2. Title should be self-explanatory.
3. Identify theme, subtheme and categories.
4. Avoid using abbreviations
5. Use words that create a positive
impression and stimulate reader’s interest.
6. May reveal how the paper will be
organized.
7. Do not include “study of," “analysis of” or
similar constructions
8. Use current nomenclature from the field of
study
9. Indicate accurately the subject and scope
of the stud
10. The recommended length of a research
title is 10 to 12 substantive words
not including articles.
• 11. Titles are basically in the form of a phrase,
but can also in the form of a question.
12. Title should identify the actual variables or
theoretical issues being studied in the
research.
13. The author can play with his/her title (e.g.
Fuel of Millennial Abodes) only for qualitative
research
• Examples of Approved Qualitative
Research Titles
1. Friends with Benefits: Causes and
Effects of Cheating During Examination
(Diego, 2017)
• 2. Why did the boat sink? The
reasons of academic Failures
• 3. Stay with me please: The strucggles
of students with OFW parents
• 4. When I stayed old and fab: The
stories of a 100-year old Ilocana
• 5. Amoy-Turista: Smell as a Key
Component in Being Presentable
among
Palawan Tour Guides (Davatos,
2017)
•6. Pampaalert: Security
Guards’ Use of Chemicals
(Diego, 2017)
• 7. Tagabanwa-Tagabayan: Hiya and
the Liminal Position of Young
Indigenous
People in Palawan (Pulanco, 2017)
•8. Pampapogi/Pampaganda:
Achieving Desired Gender
Identities (Josol, 2017)
• 9. Must Have Pleasing Personality:
Performing Femininity in the Service
Sector of a Southern Philippine
Boomtown (Taqueban,2017)
•10.“I want to be Tall Someday”:
Height Aspirations Among
Young People in
the Philippines (Lasco, 2017)
THE RESEARCH SHALL BE ORGANIZED AS
FOLLOWS:
• • Title Page
• Acknowledgement
• Dedication
• Abstract
• Table of Contents
• List of Tables
• List of Figures
•Chapter I Introduction
• Background of the Study
• Statement of the Problem
• Scope and Delimitation
• Importance of the Study
• Definition of Terms
• Guiding Principles for Formulating
Research Questions
• Be guided with the acronym “SMART”
(Specific, Measurable, Achievable,
Realistic and Timebound)
• Base your research questions in your
RRLs.
• • State your research questions in such a
way that they include all dependent
and independent variables referred to by
the theories, principles, or
concepts underlying your research work.
• Establish a specific connection between
the research questions and the
problem or topic.
• • Avoid asking the research questions that are
answerable by yes or no.
• Develop research questions in such a way
that can arouse your curiosity and
surprise you with your discoveries or findings
• Research questions should be preceded by
one question expressing the
main problem of the research.
• Scope and Delimitations in Qualitative
Research
The scope of the study refers to the
parameters under which the study will
be operating. The problem you seek to
resolve will fit within certain
parameters.
• The limitations are matters and occurrences that
emerge in a research study which are out of
researcher’s control. They limit the extensity to
which a study can go, and sometimes influence the
result and conclusions that can be get. Your study
might have access to only certain people in an
organization certain documents, and certain data.
These are what we call limitations.
• The delimitations of the study are those
characteristics that emerge from limitations in the
scope of the paper (boundaries) and by conscious
exclusionary and inclusionary decisions made during
the development of the study. Unlike limitations,
delimitations result from narrow and particular
choices of a researcher. Among these are the choice
of objectives and questions, variable of interest, the
choice of theoretical dimensions that were adopted,
the paradigm, methodology and choice of
participants.
INTERVI
EW
SHALOM C. ESTRELLA
a two or more person conversation
initiated by the interviewer
It involves the gathering of data through
direct verbal interaction between
individuals.
It is questioning in the verbal form.
There are three main kinds of
interview that may be used
specifically as research tools:
 1) Structured Interview.
content and procedures are organized in advance.

The sequence and wording of the questions are

determined by means of a schedule and the interviewer is
left little freedom to make modifications.
The interviewer asks a predetermined set of
questions which are arranged in chronological
order.

The interviewee answers each question from a

list of options.
◦2) Semi-structured Interview.
predetermined set of questions. There is no list of
options.
The interviewee can answer the questions in his/her
own words.
Follow-up questions can be asked by the interviewer
for clarifications.
 Unstructured Interview.
open situation, having greater flexibility and freedom.
There is no predetermined set of questions, no list of
options, no specific procedures.
The interviewee can answer freely and spontaneously.
The interviewer can ask follow-up questions for
clarification and for more in-depth information.
◦ Purposes of the interview
As a distinctive research technique, the interview may serve
three purposes.
1) First, it may be used as the principal means of gathering
information having direct bearing on the research objectives.
2) Second, it may be used to test hypotheses or to suggest
new ones; or as an explanatory device to help identify
variables and relationships.
◦ Advantages of Interview
◦The researcher has the opportunity to ask
questions directly to the participants of the
study.
◦It can provide more in-depth information as
the researcher is able to raise follow-up
questions to clarify or explore a point.
◦It can supplement information gained from
observation, especially those that are non-verbal in
nature.
◦The researcher can explain the questions to the
participants.
◦It has a wider application since in can be done with
younger to older type of population.
◦Disadvantages of Interview
◦1) It can be time consuming for
the researcher and the
interviewee.
◦2) It requires the researcher to arrange the
time and place of interview.
◦3) A limited number of people can be
interviewed due to time restrictions.
◦4) The data obtained from limited number of
participants may not reflect the views of a
wider population.
Activity
 Types of Questions are Questions are Type of Are Follow
interview predetermined asked questions up questions
(yes or no) Chronologica asked allowed (yes
lly (yes or no) or no)

1.

2.

3.
Answer key
Types of interview Questions are Questions are Type of Are Follow up
predetermine asked questions questions
d (yes or no) Chronological asked allowed (yes
ly (yes or no) or no)

Closed-
1. Structured yes yes ended no
2. Semi structured open-ended
yes no yes
3. unstructured open-ended
no no yes
ACTIVITY

DEVICE YOUR OWN

Semi-STRUCTURED
INTERVIEW.
OUTSATNDING PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL SCIENCE & OUTSATNDING PERFORMANCE IN WORK
IMMERSION
REMEMBER!
The structured interview is one in which the content and
procedures are organized in advance. This means that the
sequence and wording of the questions are determined by
means of a schedule and the interviewer is left little freedom
to make modifications. The interviewer asks a predetermined
set of questions which are arranged in chronological order.
The interviewee answers each question from a list of options.
PROBLEM

◦The way of life of

Bugkalots their Folkways
and Mores