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Unit-4 LDICA Part 2

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32 views47 pages

Unit-4 LDICA Part 2

Uploaded by

rahilraj46
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit -4

Analog to Digital and Digital to


Analog converters
Typical A/D and D/A converter
application
DAC Converters

Basic DAC Techniques


Analog output voltage plotted against
16 possible digital input words
Specifications of DAC

• Resolution
• Accuracy
• Monotonicity
• Settling time
• Stability
Resolution
• Resolution is the number of different analog
output values that can be provided by a DAC.
For an n-bit DAC resolution =2n.

• Resolution is also defined as the ratio of a


change in output voltage resulting from a
change of 1 LSB at the digital inputs. For an n-
bit DAC it can be as

resolution=VOFS/(2n-1)

V0=resolution x D
Specifications of DAC

Accuracy : It is a comparison of actual output

voltage with expected output.

Accuracy = VOFS/(2n-1)2

Monotonicity : A monotonic DAC is the one whose


analog output increases for an increase in digital
input.

If a DAC has to be monotonic, the error should be


less than +(1/2 LSB) at each output level.
Specifications of DAC

Settling time: It is the time required for the output ;of


the DAC to settle within + (1/2 LSB) of the final value
for a given digital input I.e. zero to full scale.

Stability: The performance of converter changes with


temperature, age and power supply variations. So all
the relevant parameters such as offset, gain, linearity
error and monotonicity must be specified over the full
temperature and power supply ranges. These
parameters represent the stability of the converter.
Basic DAC Techniques
There are mainly two techniques used for
analog to digital conversion

• Binary weighted resistor D/A converter

• R/2R ladder D/A converter

In these techniques , the shunt resistors are used to generate n


binary weighted currents. These currents are added according to
switch positions controlled by the digital input and then converted
into voltage to give analog voltage equivalent to digital input.
Therefore , such D/A converters are called current driven DACs.
Binary weighted resistor D/A
converter
Draw backs of weighted resistor
D/A converter

• Wide range of resistor values are required.

• This wide range of resistor values has


restriction on both the higher and lower ends. It
is impracticable to fabricate large values of
resistor in IC.

• The finite resistance of the switches disturbs


the binary weighted relationship among the
various currents.
Inverted R-2R ladder DAC
(current mode)
Inverted R-2R ladder DAC
R-2R ladder DAC
(Voltage mode)
Advantages of R-2R ladder DACs

• Easier to build accurately as only two precision


metal film resistors are required.

• Number of bits can be expanded by adding more


sections of same R/2R values.

• In inverted R/2R ladder DAC, node voltages


remain constant with changing input binary
words.
IC 1408

NC

IC 1408 is an 8 bit R/2R ladder type D/A converter compatible


with TTL and CMOS logic.
Block diagram of IC 1408 DAC
Typical circuit for IC 1408
Interfacing DAC in the bipolar
range
A/D converters

Analog ADC
input

b0 b1 b2 b3
Analog input Vs Digital output
Specifications of ADC

• Resolution

• Quantization error

• Conversion time
Resolution
• Resolution is defined as the ratio of a
change in value of input voltage Vi,
needed to change the digital output by 1
LSB.

• If the full scale input voltage required to


cause a digital output of all 1’s is VIFS, then
resolution can be given as

resolution=VIFS/(2n-1)
Quantization error

The difference between the actual analog value


and quantized digital value is called quantization
error. It is given as

ViFS
QE  n
(2  1)2
Conversion time

• It is defined as the total time required to


convert an analog signal into its digital output.

• It depends on the conversion technique used


and the propagation delay of circuit
components.
Different types of ADCs

ADCs are classified into two general groups based on the


conversion techniques.

• One technique involves comparing a given analog signal with


the internally generated reference voltages. This group
includes successive approximation, flash, delta modulated
(DM), adaptive delta modulated converters.

• The another technique involves changing an analog signal into


time or frequency and comparing these new parameters
against known values. This group includes integrator
converters and voltage to frequency converters.
Single slope ADC
Limitations of single slope ADC

• Its resolution is less

• Variations in ramp generator due to time,


temperature or input voltage sensitivity
cause lot of problems
Dual slope ADC
Advantages of Dual slope ADC

• It is highly accurate

• Its cost is low

• It is immune to temperature caused variations in


R1 and C1
Successive approximation ADC
• Successive approximation method uses very
efficient code searching strategy called
binary search.

• It completes searching process for n-bit


conversion in just n clock periods.
Parallel comparator type (Flash) ADC
Flash A/D converters, also known as a
simultaneous or parallel comparator ADC, because
the fast conversion speed is accomplished by
providing 2n-1 comparators and simultaneously
comparing the input signal with unique reference
level spaced 1 LSB apart.
Comparison between Flash, Dual
slope, and successive approximation
Techniques.
Counter type ADC
Waveforms for counter type ADC
Disadvantages of counter type ADC

• It is necessary to give enough time for DAC


conversion and comparator to respond.

• Conversion time is not constant. It

increases with increase in input voltage.


End of Unit-4

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