• Visualization skills mean recalling or form mental images or pictures

to make themperceptible to the mind or imagination.

• Visualization is important because it helps to prepare and to teach
you how to respond to a situation before it happens. It also helps
you achieve your goals by conditioning your brain to see, hear, and
feel the success in your mind.
• There are a variety of different types of visual communication, which
can be broken down into four main categories: graphic design,
photography, illustration, and video production,
Symbols,Maps,Graphs, tables And Diagrams.
• The six categories of visuals are representational, mnemonic, organizational, relational,
transformational and interpretive visuals
• Representational visuals show an object in a realistic way. These images have a high degree of
correspondence to the real items that they represent.
• A visual mnemonic is a learning technique used to aid the association of the to-be-memorized
information (e.g., forms and meanings) with mediators (e.g., imagery to represent meaning),
which are more accessible to provide better retention and retrieval for learners.
• Organizational charts: shown as charts, concept maps, or (tree) diagrams. An example of an
organizational visual is a representation of a lesson structure that depicts the topics and the
relationships of the topics to one another
• Relational Visuals are used to show relationships among multiple variables. These relationships are
usually visually shown in charts and diagrams. Examples are line graphs, pie charts, and bar charts
• Transformational visuals show changes in time and space. Visuals that show motion are usually
used for these purposes, such as animations, video, or line drawing
• Interpretive visuals are used to help learners understand abstract concepts or principles. For
instance, an abstract concept such as DNA can be depicted better with interpretive visuals since they
offer clear comprehension of the concept.
The four primary types of encoding are visual, acoustic,
elaborative, and semantic. Encoding of memories in the brain
can be optimized in a variety of ways, including mnemonics,
chunking, and state-dependent learning.
The visual encoding is the way in which data is mapped into
visual structures, upon which we build the images on a screen.
There are two types of visual encoding variables: planar and
retinal. Humans are sensitive to the retinal variables. The planar
variables locate any graphic artefact on the 2D plane as a pair of
two coordinates (x,y).
the neural processes by which stimuli seen in the external world
are converted into internal (mental) representations that can
subsequently be processed and stored in memory.
• A visual encoding is the method of representing data in a visual
structure. Popular visual encodings include size, shape, color, length,
and position. Encodings bring a map data visualization to life, as
they bring out the characteristics and meaning of the data.
• The different encoding types include: Visual Encoding. Acoustic
Encoding. Semantic Encoding
• Encoding data is typically used to ensure the integrity and usability of
data and is commonly used when data cannot be transferred in its
current format between systems or applications. Encoding is not used
to protect or secure data because it is easy to reverse.
• Data types
We’ll start with some complex things: data types (→). There are three basic types of data: something you can
count, something you can order and something you can just differentiate. As often is the case, these types get down to
three un-intuitive terms:
• Quantitative
Anything that has exact numbers.
For example, Effort in points: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13.
Duration in days: 1, 4, 666.
• Ordered / Qualitative
Anything that can be compared and ordered.
User Story Priority: Must Have, Great, Good, Not Sure.
Bug Severity: Blocking, Average, Who Cares.
• Categorical
Everything else.
Entity types: Bugs, Stories, Features, Test Cases.
Fruits: Apples, Oranges, Plums.
• Images, videos, and infographics are just three of the most effective
visual aids you can use to market your product or service
• Encoding is the process of converting the data or a given sequence of
characters, symbols, alphabets etc., into a specified format, for the
secured transmission of data
• encoding is the process of putting a sequence of characters (letters,
numbers, punctuation, and certain symbols) into a specialized format
for efficient transmission or storage
• the visual encoding is the way in which data is mapped into visual
structures, upon which we build the images on a screen. There are two
types of visual encoding variables: planar and retinal
• The different encoding types include: Visual Encoding. Acoustic
Encoding. Semantic Encoding
• A visual encoding is the method of representing data in a visual
structure. Popular visual encodings include size, shape, color, length,
and position. Encodings bring a map data visualization to life, as
they bring out the characteristics and meaning of the data.
• Encoding data is typically used to ensure the integrity and usability of
data and is commonly used when data cannot be transferred in its
current format between systems or applications. Encoding is not used
to protect or secure data because it is easy to reverse.
• Images, videos, and infographics are just three of the most effective
visual aids you can use to market your product or service
• Encoding is the process of converting the data or a given sequence of
characters, symbols, alphabets etc., into a specified format, for the
secured transmission of data
• encoding is the process of putting a sequence of characters (letters,
numbers, punctuation, and certain symbols) into a specialized
format for efficient transmission or storage
• Acoustic encoding is the processing and encoding of sound, words,
and other auditory input for storage and later retrieval. By
associating the information with sounds, by sounding out the words,
the neural connections become stronger and aid in the recall process
• By associating the information with sounds, by sounding out the
words, the neural connections become stronger and aid in the recall
process
• Elaborative encoding is a mnemonic that relates to-be-remembered
information to previously existing memories and knowledge. One
can make such connections visually, spatially, semantically or
acoustically.
• An easy example would be meeting a person for the first time whose
name you need to remember.
• semantic encoding is the conversion of a non-verbal mental
representation (the reference) into a semantic structure suitable for
expression (the sense
• Another example of semantic encoding in memory is remembering a
phone number based on some attribute of the person you got it from,
like their name
• Recalling that Washington, D.C., is the U.S. capital and Washington is a
state. Recalling that April 1564 is the date on which Shakespeare was born.
Recalling the type of food people in ancient Egypt used to eat.
• once you know the “shape” of your data, you can encode its various dimensions with
appropriate visual properties.
• The second main factor to consider when choosing a visual property is how many distinct
values it has
• Different visual properties vary—or may be modified—in different ways, which makes them
good for encoding different types of data.
• Two key factors are whether a visual property is naturally ordered, and how many distinct
values of this property the reader can easily differentiate. Natural ordering and number of
distinct values will indicate whether a visual property is best suited to one of the main data
types: quantitative, ordinal, categorical, or relational data. (Spatial data is another common data
type, and is usually best represented with some kind of map.)
• ordinal differences (small, medium, large, enormous)
• Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with
words and meanings
• A visual variable, in cartographic design, graphic design, and
data visualization, is an aspect of a graphical object that can visually
differentiate it from other objects, and can be controlled during the
design process.
• cartographic design: it is a process of crafting the appearence of a
map
• graphic design:An art to display or transmit visual communication in
socail group
• Planar variables are known to everybody. If you’ve studied maths
(which I’m sure you’d have), you’ve been drawing graphs across the X-
and Y-axis. Planar variables work for any data type. They work great to
present any quantitative data. It’s a pity that we have to deal with the
flat screens and just two planar variables. Well, we can try to use Z-
axis, but 3D charts look horrible on screen in 95.8% of cases.
Hue is the visual perceptual property
corresponding in humans to the
categories called red, green, blue, and
others

color, value refers to how light or dark an

object appears.

Orientation refers to the direction labels

and symbols are facing on a map
(occasionally called "direction" or
"angle").
texture or pattern in this context generally
refers to an aggregate symbol composed
of recurring sub-symbols.
Transparency: refer to the degree to
which a symbol blends with other symbols
at the same location, giving the illusion of
the symbol in front being translucent.
• Cripness or fuzziness: This is the degree to which a symbol is drawn with crisp or fuzzy
edges.
• Associative variables have variations that can be mentally low(depressed) so they are
easily grouped together, with none naturally standing out from the others so they do
not contribute much to visual hierarchy.
• Selective variables are those with sufficiently strong variation so that the reader can
isolate one value from all the others.
• Ordered variables show a clear linear order between different values. Bertin listed Size,
Value, and Grain as ordered; later ordered variables would include Height, Saturation,
Transparency, Crispness, and Resolution.
• Quantitative variables have values that can be directly measured, and are thus best for
representing quantitative properties, especially Ratio-level. Bertin included only size in
this variable
In one hot encoding, for each level of a categorical feature, we create a
new variable. Each category is mapped with a binary variable
containing either 0 or 1. Here, 0 represents the absence, and 1
represents the presence of that category. These newly created binary
features are known as Dummy variables
Visual variables are distinctions that we can use to create and differentiate
symbols on a map. There are 10 visual distinctions available for symbolization:
location, size, shape, orientation, focus, arrangement, texture, saturation, hue(shade),
and value(lightness).
The retinal variables are size (length and area), shape, texture, color, orientation
(or slope), and value. Each variable can be classified using points, lines and areas.
shows properties of the six retinal variables .
• An associative variable allows grouping across changes in the variable;
in other words, a variable is associative
• Selection is based on he retinal variables are size (length and area),
shape, texture, color, orientation (or slope), and value.
• The quantitative feature refers to human perception on marks
representing scale values or the ratio of two marks representing two real
values.
Non-visual variables[edit]
Following on the widespread usefulness of Bertin's variables, cartographers have proposed
analogous sets of controllable variables for media beyond static paper maps:

• Dynamic/animated maps: Duration, Order/sequence, Rate of change,

Display time, Frequency of change, Synchronization (of multiple
series). Many of these have entered mainstream use.[18][19]
• Haptic (touch) maps: Vibration, Flutter, Pressure, Temperature,
Resistance, Friction, Location, Height/Elevation, and analogues of
most of the core visual variables.[20][21]
• Sound: Location, Loudness, Pitch, Register, Timbre, Duration, Rate of
Change, Order (sequential), Attack/Decay.[22] To date, sound has been
rarely used to encode information in maps and information displays.
What are the different visual styles?

types of graphic design styles

• Contemporary graphic design style.
• Minimalist graphic design style.
• Flat graphic design style.
• Scandinavian style graphic design.
• Retro graphic design styles.
• Psychedelic style graphic design.
• Art Nouveau graphic design style.
• Art Deco graphic design style.
• New York style graphic design:
• Grunge graphic design style:
• Victorian style graphic design:
Contemporary graphic design style

• It includes a wide variety of line styles, shapes, and textures, from

thick cartoonish styles as displayed in the left image above, or a
“flatter” and more minimalist style that mixes a small handful of
clearly-divided colours
• Minimalist graphic design is defined by its simplicity. It tends to use
very few elements, a small number of colours, and a single texture
style that is usually flat. (LOGO)
• Flat graphic design style: Few colours are used, and if variations are
used for a single colour, it’s usually slightly darker to create a two-
dimensional shadow effect
• Scandinavian design is known from its stripped-down quality that makes every
element seem important. Its colour palettes are small, shapes simple, and
typography curvy without a serif in sight.
• Retro graphic design styles: Retro” graphic design refers to a broad range of
design styles from the 1950s to 1970s. Retro design styles can spark nostalgia,
thrusting the viewer to an earlier period of their life where they might have felt
a strong sense of belonging or meaning
• Psychedelic style graphic design: The principles of this design reflect the
psychedelic movement of the 60s, driven in part by LSD—a newly popular,
powerful drug that drastically altered people’s perception of reality, particularly
the way that objects were viewed, whose edges and lines (colored dark)would
wiggle and warp as though shaken from both ends.
• Art Nouveau graphic design style:Art Nouveau is the first truly modern
design style. Created in the 1890s, it’s a result of Western artists trying to
create a style they could call their own, which with the fast increase of global
trading, could be promoted more easily. The style is identified by its lengthy
organic lines, often used to animals, plants, and delicate objects, creating an
ornamental and beautifully decorative effect.
• Art Deco graphic design style:Art Deco is a design style that can stop you in
your tracks. It’s almost forceful, demanding that you give it a look—a
valuable trick in today’s distracted world, when you want your website or
advertisement to shine through. Its intense shapes, highly-contrasting colour
schemes, and bold typography has made it one of the most recognisable
design styles in history.
• In one hot encoding, for each level of a categorical feature, we create
a new variable. Each category is mapped with a binary variable
containing either 0 or 1. Here, 0 represents the absence, and 1
represents the presence of that category. These newly created binary
features are known as Dummy variables.
• New York style graphic design: They created an informal group called The
New York School, whose art was permeated with the idea of dance, poetry,
and music, leading to an avant-garde design style that was free-flowing,
bright, and highly-experimental.
• Grunge graphic design style:Typography is typically bold and roughly drawn,
with letters dripping or splattered, as though drawn with a rebellious
attitude.
• Victorian style graphic design:Victorian graphic design is an ornate, busy style
that usually bursts with content, with shapes, borders, characters and letters
filling the entire image. Victorian design tends to be symmetrical, and its
typography quirky, with swirling, serif-laden letters that lend an eccentricity
to the style.