PLANNING
&
EVALUATION
INTRODUCTION
• “Planning is for tomorrow and management is for
today”
• Plan “Blue print for taking action”
• Banfeild defined Plan as “Plan is a decision about a
course of action”
“Plan is an systematic approach to defining the problem,
setting the priorities, developing specific goals &
objectives & determining alternative strategies, initiating
the necessary action for its implementation of the plan &
evaluating the results of intervention in the light of
stated objectives”
Purpose of Planning
• To match the limited resources with many problems
• To eliminate wasteful expenditures
• To develop the best course of action to accomplish a defined
objective
• Planning in its broadest sense includes 3
steps:
• Plan formulation
• Plan execution
• Plan evaluation
• Plan consists of 5 major components:
• Objectives
• Policies
• Programmes
• Schedules
• Budget
• Objectives: Planned end point of all
activities
• Precise
• Either achieved or not achieved
• Differentiate from Goals
• Goals ultimate desired state towards which
the objectives are & resources are directed
• Policies: are guiding principles stated as an
expectation, not as a commandment
• Programmes: are sequence of activities designed to
implement & accomplish the objectives Step by
Step Approach
• Schedules: are time sequence for the work to be done
• Various types of Planning : (Spiegel et al)
• Problem-solving Planning – involves identification & resolution
of the problem
• Program planning – entails designing a course
of action for a circumscribed health problem
• Coordination of efforts & activities aim to increase the
availability, efficiency, productivity, effectiveness & other
aspects of activities & programmes Done either by merger
or closing down of services
• Various types of Planning : (Spiegel et al)
• Problem-solving Planning – involves identification & resolution
of the problem
• Program planning – entails designing a course
of action for a circumscribed health problem
• Coordination of efforts & activities aim to increase the
availability, efficiency, productivity, effectiveness & other
aspects of activities & programmes Done either by merger
or closing down of services
• Planning for the allocation of resources involving
selecting the best alternatives to achieve a desired goal
when the amount of resources are limited
Planning cycle
Need assessment
Evaluation Identify priorities
Implementation Aim and objectives
Resources
PLANNING CYCLE
STEPS IN PLANNING PROCESS
• Conducting a needs assessment
• Setting priorities
• Development of goals, objectives & activities
• Identification of resources & constraints
• Alternative strategies
• Implementation, Supervision, Evaluation & Revision
PLANNING CYCLE
• STEP I: CONDUCTING A NEEDS ASSESSMENT / SITUATION
ANALYSIS OF HEALTH
• Needs defined as “Deficiencies in health that call for
preventive, curative & eradication measures” WHO 1971
• Reasons for Need Assessment:
• Defines the problem
• Identifies the extent & severity
• Provides a profile of the community to ascertain the causes of
the problem
• Helps in evaluating the effectiveness of the program
• Data can be obtained through various methods
Questionnaires, Clinical examinations or through
personnel communication
Minimum essential requirements for Health
Planning
• Population, its age & sex structure
• Epidemiology & Geographic distribution of different
diseases
• Statistics of morbidity & mortality
• Rate of growth
• Medical/Dental facilities available
• Technical manpower of various categories
Minimum essential requirements for Health
Planning
• Ethnic background
• Training facilities available
• Diet & Nutritional levels
• Standard of living
• Attitudes & Beliefs of the population towards disease
its cure & prevention
SETTING PRIORITIES
• ‘Priority determination’ is a method of imposing
people’s value & judgment of what is important onto the
raw data
• Is used to rank the problems according to the severity &
helps to utilize resources tactically
• If priorities are not determined then programme may
not serve the people in need
FIXING PRIORITIES
High risk dental need group should be recognized:
Preschool & School age children
Mentally & Physically disabled persons
Chronically ill or Medically compromised pt’s
Elderly persons
Expectant mothers
Low income minority groups
ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM OBJECTIVES &
GOALS
• Objectives & Goals guide actions & Serve as an Yard stick
to measure work after it has been done
• Objectives:
• Long term or Short Term
• Outcome or Process Objectives
SMARTI Acronym in setting objectives
• S-Specific
• M- Measurable
• A- Attainable
• R- Relevant
• T- Timely
• I- Important
ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM
OBJECTIVES & GOALS…
• Objectives should specify the following:
• WHAT: Nature of the situation or Condition
• EXTENT: Scope & Magnitude of the situation or
Condition to be attained
• WHO: Particular group or Portion of the environment
in which the attainment is desired
• WHERE: Geographic area of the program
• WHEN: Date by which the desired situation or
condition is intended to acieve
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
• “How to bring about the desired
results”
• Includes three components:
• What is going to be done
• Who will be doing it
• When it will be done
• Program activities are to be considered carefully keeping
• Resources available
• Program constraints
TABULATE,ANALYSE & GATHER HEALTH DATA
INTERPRET
FORMULATE HEALTH
PLAN
ASSIGN PRIORITIES
AMONG PROBLEMS
STEP IV ESTABLISHMENT OF
PROGRAMME
IDENTIFY AVAILABLE RESOURCES
OBJECTIVES & GOALS
EP V
S T
VI
E P
IDENTIFY CONSTRAINTS ST
IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE STARTERGIES
RESOURCE IDENTIFICATION
• Implies manpower, money, material, skills,
knowledge,& Technique needed or available for
implementation of the program
• Balance has to struck with what is required & what is
available
RESOURCE IDENTIFICATION SHEET
RESOURCE SOURCE
IDENTIFYING CONSTRAINTS
• Identification of Constraints early in the planning stage:
• Can modify design of the program
• Create a more practical & realistic plan
• Constraints may be as a result of
• Organizational Policies
• Resource limitation
• Characteristics of the community
IDENTIFYING CONSTRAINTS…
• Most common constraints in Community Dental
Programs are:
• Lack of Funding
• Restrictive Govt. policies
• Labor shortcomings
• Negative community attitudes towards dentistry
• Population’s Socioeconomic, Educational & Cultural
backgrounds
• Time available
ALTERNATIVE STRATERGIES
• Presence of existing constraints & available resources
Planner Should consider Alternative Strategies Help
achieve objectives
• Sufficient no. of alternative plans should be at hand
• Planner should know the pros & cons of each alternative
plan
• Should help decide the most suitable plan either
individually or in combination
• Which should match the limited resources & anticipated
costs & effective in return to the main plan
WRITE –UP OF FORMULATED PLAN
• Plan must be complete in all respects for the
execution of a project
• For each proposed health programme resources
(Input) required are related to the results (Outputs)
expected
• Plan must contain working guidance to all those
responsible for execution
IMPLEMENTATION, EVALUATION
MONITERING
• Process of putting the plan into operation is referred as
‘Implementation Phase’ Ongoing Process
RULES OF IMPLEMENTATION
• Specify clearly the activities
• Be sure someone is responsible for the whole activity & coordinates
individuals who may carry out the different tasks
• Identify all preparatory steps before doing that activity
• List the steps in order in which they must occur
• Check for missing steps that must be added
RULES OF IMPLEMENTATION
• Determine when each step should begin & end
• Consult the organization affected by the activities identify potential
problems, opportunities & so on
• Specify what resources will be needed & their sources
• Specify what constraints must be addressed
• Make sure all people involved know what is expected & by when.
• Monitoring is a day-to-day observation, recording &
reporting on the activities of the organization
• Allows us to keep a track of course of on-going activities
& identifies deviations Helping to Fine tune the
program
• WHO expert committee ‘Evaluation measures the
degree to which the objectives & targets are achieved &
quality of results obtained’
• Evaluation allows us to:
• Measure the progress of each activity
• Measure the effectiveness of each activity
• Identify problems in carrying out the activities
• Plan revision & modification
• Amount of money used & seek for additional funds
• Addresses the quality of what is being done
Purpose of evaluation
• To ensure that a program is fulfilling its purpose
Types of Evaluation
1. Formative-Implementation & Process
2. Summative-Outcome evaluation
Criteria for evaluation
• 1. Effectiveness
• 2. Efficiency
• 3. Appropriateness
• 4. Adequacy
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
• Planning is an integral part in national development
• As a Public Health Professional peoples health and
national development in this regard has been bestowed
on us hence planning out the various health care
programmes becomes a vital part & has to be carefully
done.
• ‘A successful plan is one which keeps in mind its
objectives & goals which have been carefully chosen,
efficiently utilizing the resources having in mind a set of
alternative strategies & an in-built evaluating system
reaching its destination successfully’
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Community Dental Health—Jong , 5th edition
• Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine– K.Park,17th
edition
• Community Oral Health– Cynthia Pine
• Essential Dental Public Health– Daly.B
• Textbook of Community & Preventive Dentistry-- Soben
Peter 2nd ed.
