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Lecture 1 Types of Computer Architectures

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Lecture 1 Types of Computer Architectures

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victorkayende
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© © All Rights Reserved
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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND

ORGANIZATION CS 220

 LECTURER: L SHUMBA
CA AVERAGE OF TWO TESTS
CONSULTATIONS: Tuesdays and Fridays
Lecture 1/2:Distinction between computer
architecture and computer organization

Computer Arch deals with those


attributes of the computer that are
visible to the programmer.
• Details such as: Physical memory –
Allocated and Available memory space
Instruction Set Architecture of the
processor.
Computer Architecture

 Thenumber of bits used to represent data


types like integer , character , double
 Input
Output mechanism – Depends on
programming language.
 Technique
for addressing memories –
Depends on programming language
Computer organization

Itdeals with how different components


of a computer are linked together to
meet the requirements specified by
computer architecture Some
organizational attributes are:
Hardware details – Such as RAM, Hard
drive , graphic card technology used.
Computer Organization

 PeripheralsDevices – How devices such as mouse


and keyboard, connected to the computer.
 Controlsignals. Generated from the above
mentioned controls.
 Note that all above mentioned aspects
( hardware technology, Peripheral connectivity
and their signals ) are therefore invisible to the
programmer.
Example

 Assume you are programmer and you are


writing a program. Also suppose your
program has the following features:
1- Loads data from memory
2- Stores that data in integer variables
3- Performs some calculations and then
outputs that data on computer screen.
Programming example

To write such a program, programmers are only


concerned with the details visible to them – Computer
Architecture.
Therefore programmers do not care about the
conversion of keywords input to useful computer
instructions. Nor do we care about the
underlying RAM technology used. For this reason
we say that organization of components is
invisible to the programmer.
Components’ and Functions of a
computer

Central Processing Unit (CPU)


Made up of:
Control Unit
Arithmetic and Logic units
MAIN MEMORY

Made up of:
ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Secondary Storage
INPUT/OUTPUT UNITS

Assignment: Computer Components


function(s)/purpose(s)
Strategies for different computer
architectures

Many computer architectures


Ways of categorizing them:
(i)By Number of instructions executed per
clock cycle
Many Computer Machines read and execute
one instruction at a time
Von Neumann machines

These include:
• Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer(RISC)
• Minimal instruction set computer (MISC)
• Transport Triggered Architecture(TTA)
• Digital Signal Processor(DSP)
Von Neumann Machines

These also include:


Accumulator machines
Register machines
Stack machines
Executing several instructions per clock

Other computers read and execute several


instructions at a time(clock cycle)
• Very long instruction word(VLIW), Super-
Scalar execute a minimum of two
instructions per clock cycle
• Still hit the Von Neumann bottle-neck at
some large number of instructions per clock
Program memory

•Program counter always refer to


“program memory no matter what
address is loaded into it
Normal reads and writes always go to “
data memory”
Categorization based on connections
between CPU and Main Memory

These are Princeton Machines


• They use unified memory where a single
address corresponds to a single place in
memory
• One can use that address to read and write
data, or can load that address in a program
counter to execute a code
Categorization according to memory
spaces

Harvard Machines
• Program memory
• Data memory
HARVARD ARCHITECTURE
Harvard architecture instruction and
data flow
Von Neumann architecture

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