Restricting and Sorting Data

Objectives

• After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the

following:
• Limit the rows retrieved by a query
• Sort the rows retrieved by a query

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 Limiting Rows Using a Selection
EMP
EMPNO ENAME JOB ... DEPTNO
"…retrieve all
7839 KING PRESIDENT 10 employees
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30 in department 10"
7782 CLARK MANAGER 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 20
...

EMP
EMPNO ENAME JOB ... DEPTNO

7839 KING PRESIDENT 10

7782 CLARK MANAGER 10
7934 MILLER CLERK 10

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 Limiting Rows Selected
• Restrict the rows returned by using the
WHERE clause.

SELECT [DISTINCT] {*| column [alias], ...}

FROM table
[WHERE condition(s)];

• The WHERE clause follows the FROM

clause.

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 Using the WHERE Clause

SQL> SELECT ename, job, deptno

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE job='CLERK';

ENAME JOB DEPTNO

---------- --------- ---------
JAMES CLERK 30
SMITH CLERK 20
ADAMS CLERK 20
MILLER CLERK 10

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 Character Strings and Dates
• Character strings and date values are
enclosed in single quotation marks.
• Character values are case sensitive and
date values are format sensitive.
• The default date format is YYYY-MM-DD.

SQL>
SQL> SELECT
SELECT ename,
ename, job,
job, deptno
deptno
22 FROM
FROM emp
emp
33 WHERE
WHERE ename
ename == 'JAMES';
'JAMES';

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 Comparison Operators

Operator Meaning
= Equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than

<= Less than or equal to

<> Not equal to

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 Using the Comparison Operators

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, comm

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE sal<=comm;

ENAME SAL COMM

---------- --------- ---------
MARTIN 1250 1400

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 Other Comparison Operators

Operator Meaning
BETWEEN Between two values (inclusive)
...AND...
IN(list) Match any of a list of values
LIKE Match a character pattern

IS NULL Is a null value

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 Using the BETWEEN Operator
Use the BETWEEN operator to display rows
based on a range of values.
SQL> SELECT ename, sal
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE sal BETWEEN 1000 AND 1500;

ENAME SAL
---------- --------- Lower Higher
MARTIN 1250 limit limit
TURNER 1500
WARD 1250
ADAMS 1100
MILLER 1300

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 Using the IN Operator
Use the IN operator to test for values in a list.

SQL> SELECT empno, ename, sal, mgr

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE mgr IN (7902, 7566, 7788);

EMPNO ENAME SAL MGR

--------- ---------- --------- ---------
7902 FORD 3000 7566
7369 SMITH 800 7902
7788 SCOTT 3000 7566
7876 ADAMS 1100 7788

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 Using the LIKE Operator
• Use the LIKE operator to perform wildcard
searches of valid search string values.
• Search conditions can contain either literal
characters or numbers.
 % denotes zero or many characters.
 _ denotes one character.

SQL> SELECT ename

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE ename LIKE 'S%';

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 Using the LIKE Operator

• We can combine pattern-matching

characters.
SQL> SELECT ename
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE ename LIKE '_A%';

ENAME
----------
MARTIN
JAMES
WARD

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 Using the IS NULL Operator

Test for null values with the IS NULL operator.

SQL> SELECT ename, mgr

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE mgr IS NULL;

ENAME MGR
---------- ---------
KING

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 Logical Operators

Operator Meaning
Returns TRUE if both component
AND conditions are TRUE
Returns TRUE if either component
OR
condition is TRUE

NOT
Returns TRUE if the following condition
is FALSE

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 Using the AND Operator
AND requires both conditions to be TRUE.

SQL> SELECT empno, ename, job, sal

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE sal>=1100
4 AND job='CLERK';

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL

--------- ---------- --------- ---------
7876 ADAMS CLERK 1100
7934 MILLER CLERK 1300

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 Using the OR Operator
OR requires either condition to be TRUE.
SQL> SELECT empno, ename, job, sal
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE sal>=1100
4 OR job='CLERK';

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL

--------- ---------- --------- ---------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 5000
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850
7782 CLARK MANAGER 2450
7566 JONES MANAGER 2975
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 1250
...
7900 JAMES CLERK 950
...
14 rows selected.
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 Using the NOT Operator

SQL> SELECT ename, job

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE job NOT IN ('CLERK','MANAGER','ANALYST');

ENAME JOB
---------- ---------
KING PRESIDENT
MARTIN SALESMAN
ALLEN SALESMAN
TURNER SALESMAN
WARD SALESMAN

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 Rules of Precedence

Order Evaluated Operator

1 All comparison operators

2 NOT
3 AND
4 OR

Override rules of precedence by using parentheses.

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 Rules of Precedence
SQL> SELECT ename, job, sal
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE job='SALESMAN'
4 OR job='PRESIDENT'
5 AND sal>1500;

ENAME
ENAME JOB
JOB SAL
SAL
----------
---------- ---------
--------- ---------
---------
KING
KING PRESIDENT
PRESIDENT 5000
5000
MARTIN
MARTIN SALESMAN
SALESMAN 1250
1250
ALLEN
ALLEN SALESMAN
SALESMAN 1600
1600
TURNER
TURNER SALESMAN
SALESMAN 1500
1500
WARD
WARD SALESMAN
SALESMAN 1250
1250

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 Rules of Precedence
Use parentheses to force priority.
SQL> SELECT ename, job, sal
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE (job='SALESMAN'
4 OR job='PRESIDENT')
5 AND sal>1500;

ENAME
ENAME JOB
JOB SAL
SAL
----------
---------- ---------
--------- ---------
---------
KING
KING PRESIDENT
PRESIDENT 5000
5000
ALLEN
ALLEN SALESMAN
SALESMAN 1600
1600

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 Order by clause
• Sort rows with the ORDER BY clause
 ASC: ascending order, default
 DESC: descending order
• The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT
statement.
Syntax:
SELECT [DISTINCT] {*| column [alias], ...}
FROM table
[WHERE condition(s)]
[ORDER BY {column, expr, alias} [ASC|DESC]];

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 ORDER BY Clause
Example: Display employee name, job and hiredate
and arrange them according to the hiredate.

SQL> SELECT ename, job, deptno, hiredate

2 FROM emp
3 ORDER BY hiredate;

ENAME JOB DEPTNO HIREDATE

---------- --------- --------- ---------
SMITH CLERK 20 17-DEC-80
ALLEN SALESMAN 30 20-FEB-81
...
14 rows selected.

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 Sorting in Descending Order
SQL> SELECT ename, job, deptno, hiredate
2 FROM emp
3 ORDER BY hiredate DESC;

ENAME JOB DEPTNO HIREDATE

---------- --------- --------- ---------
ADAMS CLERK 20 12-JAN-83
SCOTT ANALYST 20 09-DEC-82
MILLER CLERK 10 23-JAN-82
JAMES CLERK 30 03-DEC-81
FORD ANALYST 20 03-DEC-81
KING PRESIDENT 10 17-NOV-81
MARTIN SALESMAN 30 28-SEP-81
...
14 rows selected.

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 Sorting by Column Alias
SQL> SELECT empno, ename, sal*12 annsal
2 FROM emp
3 ORDER BY annsal;

EMPNO ENAME ANNSAL

--------- ---------- ---------
7369 SMITH 9600
7900 JAMES 11400
7876 ADAMS 13200
7654 MARTIN 15000
7521 WARD 15000
7934 MILLER 15600
7844 TURNER 18000
...
14 rows selected.

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 Sorting by Multiple Columns
• The order of ORDER BY list is the order of
sort.
SQL> SELECT ename, deptno, sal
2 FROM emp
3 ORDER BY deptno, sal DESC;

ENAME DEPTNO SAL

---------- --------- ---------
KING 10 5000
CLARK 10 2450
MILLER 10 1300
FORD 20 3000
...
14 rows selected.

• We can sort by a column that is not in the

SELECT list.
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 Summary

SELECT [DISTINCT] {*| column [alias], ...}

FROM table
[WHERE condition(s)]
[ORDER BY {column, expr, alias} [ASC|DESC]];

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References
•Korth, Silbertz, Sudarshan, “Database Concepts”, Mc Graw Hill.
•Elmasri, Navathe, “Fundamentals of Database System”,
Addision Wesley

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