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Chapter 1 - Soil Formation

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13 views23 pages

Chapter 1 - Soil Formation

Uploaded by

KayceeAlcantara
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Geotechnical Engineering

CEGTEC30
(Soil Formation)
Lesson Content:
• Definition of Geotechnical
Engineer and Soil Mechanics.
• History of Soil Mechanics.
• The Origin of Soil.
• Properties of Organic Soil.
GEOTECHNICAL
ENGG
• B ra n c h of civil engineering that involves
natural materials close to the surface of the
earth
• Includes the application of the principles of
soil mechanics and rock mechanics to the
design of foundations, retaining structures &
earth structures
• B e g a n in the 18th century
SOIL
•MECHANICS
B r a n c h of science that deals w/
a) study of the physical properties of soil
b) behavior of soil masses subjected to various types of forces.

SOIL
• Uncemented aggregate of mineral grains and decayed
organic matter (soil particles) w/ liquid & gases in the
empty spaces between the solid particles.
• Used as a construction materials in various engineering
project
• Supports structural foundations.
HISTORY OF SOIL MECHANICS

• T h e art of geotechnical engineering was based


on only past experiences through
experimentation
• M a n y structures were built, some of which
have crumbled, while others are still standing
without studying the properties of the soil
foundation
Tower of Pisa in Italy

• Weighs 15,700 metric tons


• H a s a base with a diameter of 20m
5 4 m in height and became 5 m out of plumb
• H a s tilted in the past to the east, north west
and south
70metric tons of earth were removed to stabilize
the foundation
Pyramids of Egypt

• Built as tombs for the country’s Pharaohs


• O v e r 138 pyramids have been discovered in
Egypt
Personalities who have made great
contributions to modern soil
mechanics
1.Karl Terzaghi
• father of Modern Soil Mechanics
• born on Oct. 2, 1883 in Prague, Austria
• researched on the behavior of soils and settlement
of clay
2.Arthur Casagrande
3.Donald Taylor
4.Ralph Peck
ROCK CYCLE AND THE ORIGIN OF
SOIL
Weathering
 the process of breaking down rocks by mechanical
and chemical processes

Types of weathering
1. Mechanical weathering
– process by which rocks are broken into smaller and smaller
pieces by physical forces, including running water, wind,
ocean waves, glacier ice, frost and expansion and contraction
caused by the gain and loss of heat w/o any change in
chemical composition.
ROCK CYCLE AND THE ORIGIN OF
SOIL
2.Chemical weathering
- is the process of chemical decomposition of the original rock.
-rocks break into smaller pieces and the original material may
be changed to something entirely different
Mechanical erosion due to ocean waves and wind at Yehliu,
Taiwan (Courtesy of Braja M. Das, Henderson, Nevada)
Basic types of Rocks

1. Igneous
o formed by the solidification of molten magma ejected
from deep within the earth’s mantle.
2. Sedimentary
o deposits of gravel, sand, silt, and clay formed by
weathering may become compacted by overburden
pressure and cemented by agents like iron oxide, calcite,
dolomite, and quartz
3. Metamorphic
o formed by the process of changing the composition and
texture of rocks (without melting) by heat and pressure
ROCK
CYCLE
TRANSPORTATION
OF WEATHERING
PRODUCTS
Residual Soils – soils formed by the
weathered products at their place of origin

Classification of Transported Soil


1. Glacial soils – formed by transportation
and deposition of glaciers
2. Alluvial soils – transported by running water
and deposited along streams
3. Lacustrine soils – formed by deposition in
quiet lakes
4. Marine soils – formed by deposition in the
seas
5. Aeolian soils – transported and deposited by
ORGANIC SOIL
• A r e usually found in low-lying areas where
the water table is near or above the
ground surface
• Presence of high water table helps in
the growth of aquatic plants that,
when decomposed form organic soil
• Usually encountered in coastal areas
Properties of Organic Soil
• Natural moisture content may range from
200 to 300%
• Highly compressible
• L a r g e amount of settlement is derived
from secondary consolidation
SOIL
PARTICLES
1.Gravel – pieces of rocks with occasional particles
of quartz, feldspar, and other minerals
2.Sand - made of mostly quartz and feldspar
3.Silt – microscopic soil fractions that consist of very
fine quartz grains and some flake-shaped particles
that are fragments of micaceous minerals.
4.Clays – flake-shaped microscopic and
submicroscopic particles of mica clay minerals
PARTICLE SIZE CLASSIFICATION
Grain size
(mm)
Name of organization Gravel Sand Silt Clay

Massachusetts Institute of Technology >2 2 to 0.06 0.06 to 0.002 <0.002


(MIT)
U.S. Department of Agriculture >2 2 to 0.05 0.05 to 0.002 <0.002
(USDA)
American Association of State 76.2 to 2 2 to 0.075 0.075 to 0.002 <0.002
Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO)
Unified Soil Classification System 76.2 to 4.75 4.75 to 0.075 Fines
(U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. (i.e., silts and clays)
Bureau of Reclamation, and American <0.075
Society for Testing and Materials)
Note: Sieve openings of 4.75 mm are found on a U.S. No. 4 sieve; 2-mm openings on a U.S. No. 10 sieve;
0.075-mm openings on a U.S. No. 200 sieve. See Table 2.5.
SOIL-SEPARATE-SIZE LIMIT BY
VARIOUS SYSTEMS

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

U.S. Department of Agriculture

American Association of State


Highway and Transportation Officials

Unified Soil Classification


System

100 10 1.0 0.1 0.01 0.001


Grain size (mm)

Gravel Sand Silt Silt and clay Clay


🠶 REFERENCE:
Das, B.M. (2010) Principles of Geotechnical Engineering. 7th
Ed.
End of
Presentation

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