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Week#08 Lecture #01,02

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6 views25 pages

Week#08 Lecture #01,02

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abaidullahbutt46
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Information Security

Week 8(Lecture#01,02)
Cryptography
• Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for
secure communication in the presence of third parties.

• It's a field that involves various methods for encrypting


and decrypting data to ensure its confidentiality,
integrity, and authenticity.

• It's a way to keep information safe and secure when it's


being sent or stored.
Cryptography Process
Terminology in Cryptography
The important terms in cryptography are:
 Plaintext
original message

 Ciphertext
encrypted or encoded message

 Encryption
convert from plaintext to ciphertext (encipher)

 Decryption
restore the plaintext from ciphertext (decipher)

 Key
information used in cipher known only to the sender/receiver

 Cipher
a particular algorithm for transforming plaintext into ciphertext
Types of Cryptography

There are two types of cryptography.


 Symmetric Key cryptography
 Asymmetric Key Cryptography
 Hash Function
Symmetric key cryptography
• Symmetric key cryptography uses a single key to encrypt
and decrypt data.

• This means that both the sender and the receiver need
to have the same key to communicate securely.

• Symmetric encryption is fast and efficient, and it is often


used for encrypting large amounts of data.

• However, it is important to note that if the key is


compromised, then the attacker will be able to decrypt
all of the data that was encrypted with that key.
Asymmetric Key cryptography
• Asymmetric Key cryptography uses a pair of keys to encrypt and
decrypt data: a public key and a private key.

• The public key can be shared with anyone, but the private key
must be kept secret.

• To encrypt data with asymmetric encryption, the sender uses the


receiver's public key.

• The encrypted data can then only be decrypted with the


receiver’s private key.

• Asymmetric encryption is slower than symmetric encryption, but


it is more secure because the private key is never shared with
anyone.
Hash Functions:

• A mathematical transformation is used to


"encrypt" information in an irreversible manner,
resulting in a digital fingerprint.

• Primarily used to ensure message integrity.


Requirements
 Two requirements for the secure use of symmetric
encryption:
– A strong encryption algorithm
– A secret key is known only to the sender/receiver

 Mathematically, if “p” is plaintext and “c” is ciphertext


– c=Ek(p)
– p=Ek(c)
Cipher methods
• Cipher methods are techniques or algorithms used in
cryptography for encrypting and decrypting messages.

• Each method employs different approaches to achieve


encryption and decryption.

• These methods can be classified into several categories:

– Substitution Cipher
– Transposition Cipher
– Exclusive OR.
– Vernam Cipher
– Book or Running Key Cipher
– Hash Functions
Substitution Cipher
 Substitution ciphers are a type of cipher where each
letter in the plaintext is replaced with another letter
based on a fixed system.

 The most basic substitution ciphers are:


– Shift Cipher
– ROT-13
– Caesar Cipher
Algorithms-Shift Cipher
 Shift ciphers are easy to understand and implement, but they are
not very secure since there are only 25 possible keys in the case of
the English alphabet (26 letters).

 Process:
• Prepare the Message: Write down the message you want to
encrypt.
• Choose a Shift or key: Decide how many positions to move each
letter in the alphabet.
• Encrypt: Shift each letter in the message according to the chosen
shift value.
• Finish: You've got your encrypted message (ciphertext).
• Decrypt (Optional): Reverse the shift to reveal the original message
(plaintext).
Algorithms-Shift Cipher
• Each letter we identify with a number
• A=0
• B=1
• C=2
• …
• Z=25

• The key “k” is a number in the range 0-25


• Encryption is adding “k” onto each letter modulo 26
– c=Ek(p)=(p+k) mod 26
– p=Ek(c)=(c+k) mod 26
Example 1:
• Plaintext: "WORLD“
• Key=5
 Encrypting: Applying the Shift cipher with a shift of 5:
– W -> B
– O -> T
– R -> W
– L -> Q
– D -> I
• So, "WORLD" is encrypted with a Shift cipher and a shift of 5 becomes "BTWQI".

 Decrypting:
• To decrypt "BTWQI" back to the original plaintext:
– B -> W
– T -> O
– W -> R
– Q -> L
– I -> D
• So, "BTWQI" decrypted with a Shift cipher and a shift of 5 becomes "WORLD" again.
Example

Example 2:
– Plaintext: "HELLO“
– Key=6
– Ciphertext: ?

• Example 3:
– Plaintext: KHAN
– Key= 19
– Ciphertext: ?
Caesar Cipher
• The Caesar cipher, named after Julius Caesar, is believed
to have been used by him for confidential communication
with his generals.

• According to historical accounts, Julius Caesar used a shift


of 3 positions in the alphabet to encrypt his messages.

• This simple substitution cipher allowed him to


communicate securely during military campaigns and
diplomatic missions.

• The Caesar cipher is one of the earliest known encryption


techniques and serves as a fundamental example in the
study of cryptography.
Caesar Cipher:
 Example 1:
 Encryption:
– Plaintext: "HELLO”
– Key=3
– Ciphertext: KHOOR

• So, "HELLO" is encrypted with a Caesar cipher and a shift of 3 becomes


"KHOOR".

 Decrypting:
• To decrypt "KHOOR" back to the original plaintext:
– Plaintext: “KHOOR”
– Key=3
– Ciphertext: HELLO

• So, "KHOOR" is decrypted with a Caesar cipher and a shift of 3 becomes


"HELLO" again.
Caesar Cipher:
 Example 2:
• Plaintext: "GOOD MORNING"
• Key=3
• Ciphertext:?

Encryption: ?
Decryption: ?
Caesar Cipher

 Example 3:
• Plaintext: "CRYPTOGRAPHY“
• Key=3
• Ciphertext: ?

Encryption: ?
Decryption: ?
ROT-13
 Process:
• Prepare the Message:
Write down the message you want to encrypt.

• Choose the Shift:


In ROT-13, the shift value is always 13. This means 'A' becomes 'N', 'B' becomes 'O',
and so on.

• Encrypt:
Go through each letter in the message and shift it 13 positions down the alphabet. If
you reach the end of the alphabet, wrap around to the beginning.

• Finish:
Once you've shifted every letter in the message, you have your encrypted message
(ciphertext).

• Decrypt:
ROT-13

 Example 1:

Plaintext: HELLO
Key: 13
Ciphertext: URYYB

Encryption: ?
Decryption: ?
ROT-13

 Example2:

Plaintext: DUCK
Key: 13
Ciphertext:

Encryption: ?
Decryption: ?
ROT-13

Example 3:
Plaintext: "ROT-13 is fun"
Key: 13
Ciphertext:?

Encryption: ?
Decryption: ?

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