Complex

Numbers
Prerequisite Knowledge

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Learning Outcome
 Introduction to imaginary numbers
 The arithmetic of complex numbers.
 The modulus, argument and polar form of a complex
number
 Draw out the spatial representation of complex equations.
 Apply the fundamental theorem of algebra and its
applications.
 Write out the Polar and Cartesian forms and the perform
conversion from one to the other.
 Apply De Moivre’s theorem
Introduction to Imaginary Number
Introduction to Imaginary Number
Complex numbers and complex plane
Complex numbers and complex plane
The arithmetic of complex numbers
The arithmetic of complex numbers
Division of complex numbers
b) Solve the equation z 2  2 z  5  0

 b  b 2  4ac
Using the quadratic formula z
2a
2  4  20
z
2
2  16
 
2 2
16 1
 1
2
 1 2i
a) Given z1  3  2i and z 2  4  3i find

(i) z1  z 2 (ii) z1  z 2 (iii) z1 z 2

(i) z1  z 2  (3  2i )  (4  3i ) (ii) z1  z 2  (3  2i )  (4  3i )
 7  5i  1  i

(iii) z1 z 2  (3  2i )(4  3i )
 12  9i  8i  6i 2
 6  17i
 Given z1  a  bi and z 2  c  di

Addition is defined by: z1  z 2  (a  bi )  (c  di )

 (a  c)  (b  d )i

Multiplication is defined by: z1 z 2  (a  bi )(c  di )

 ac  adi  bci  bdi 2
 (ac  bd )  (ad  bc)i

We may write a + bi or a + ib, whichever we find more convenient

 (4  2i )
a) Calculate
(2  3i )

(4  2i ) (4  2i ) (2  3i )
 
(2  3i ) (2  3i ) (2  3i )

8  12i  4i  6i 2

49
14  8i

13

14 8
  i
13 13
 b) Calculate 5  12i

Let a  bi  5  12i where a, b  

Then ( a  bi ) 2
 5  12i  a 2
 b 2
 2abi  5  12i

Equating parts we get: 2ab  12 also a 2

 b 2
5
2
 ab  6 6
    b2  5
6 b
a
b 36 2
 2 b  5
b
 36  b 4  5b 2
 b 4  5b 2  36  0
 b 4  5b 2  36  0
 (b 2  9)(b 2  4)  0

 b 2  4 or  9

Since b  , b  2
 a  3 or  3

 5  12i  3  2i or  3  2i
The modulus, argument and polar form of a
complex number
The modulus, argument and polar form of a
complex number
The modulus, argument and polar form of a
complex number
a) Find the modulus and argument of the complex number z  3  4i

z  3 4 5
2 2 Arg z  tan 1 (4 3)  n radians
 0.927  n radians

Since (3,4) lies in the first quadrant, n = 0

arg z  0.927 radians to 3 significant figures

b) Find the modulus and argument of the complex number z  3  4i

z  3 4 5
2 2 Arg z  tan 1 (4 3)  n radians
 0.927  n radians
c) Express z  2  2i in the form r (cos 0  i sin  0 )

r  z  2 2
2 2   arg z  tan 1 ( 2 2)  450

2 2

 z  2 2(cos 45  i sin 45 )
0 0
Loci-Set of points on the complex plane
a) Given z  x  iy , draw the locus of the point
which moves on the complex plane so that
(i) z 4 (ii) z 4

z  4  x2  y 2  4
 x 2  y 2  16 This is a circle, centre the origin radius 4
y
y
4
4
(i) (ii)
x
-4 4
x
- -4 4
 b) If z  x  iy
(i ) Find the equation of the locus z  2  3
(ii ) Draw the locus on an argand diagram.

(a ) z  2  3  x  2  iy  3

 ( x  2) 2  y 2  3

 ( x  2) 2  y 2  9

This is a circle centre (2, 0) radius 3 units.

 c) if z  x  iy, find the equation of the locus

arg z 
3

 y 
1
arg z   tan ( ) 
3 x 3

y  tan 
x 3

y  3
x
 y  3x

This is a straight line through the origin gradient 3

 Polar Form and Multiplication
The polar form of z is z  r (cos  i sin  )

Consider z1 z2 where z1  a(cos A  i sin A) and

z2  b(cos B  i sin B )

z1 z2  ab(cos A  i sin A)(cos B  i sin B )

 ab(cos A cos B  i 2 sin A sin B  i cos A sin B  iSinA cos B )
 ab(cos A cos B  sin A sin B  i (sin A cos B  cos A sin B))
 ab(cos( A  B )  i sin( A  B ))

Hence, z1 z2  z1  z2 and Arg ( z1 z2 )  Arg z1  Arg z2

Note arg(z1z2) lies in the range (-, ) and adjustments have to be made
by adding or subtracting 2  as appropriate if Arg(z1z2) goes outside
 Note:

cos  i sin   cos    i sin  

Also, if z  r (cos  i sin  ) then
1 1
 (cos    i sin   )
z r
1 1 1
So,  and arg   arg z
z z z
z1 1
 z1 
z2 z2
z1 z1
Hence  z1  z2 Arg  Arg z1  Arg z2
z2 z2
    
a ) Simplify 3(cos  i sin )  4(cos  i sin )
3 3 2 2

   
 12(cos   i sin  )
3 2 3 2
5 5
 12(cos  i sin )
6 6
  
z  r (cos  i sin )
3 3
2 2
(a ) z 2  zz  r 2 (cos  i sin )
3 3
(b) z 3  z 2 z  r 3 (cos   i sin  )
2 2 4 2
(c) z  z z  r (cos
4 3 4
 i sin ) Because 
3 3 3 3

This leads to the pattern: If z  r (cos  i sin  )

then z n  r n (cos n  i sin n )

De Moivre’s Theorem

If z  r (cos  i sin  )

then z n  r n (cos n  i sin n )

 a) Given z  1  i 3 find (i ) z 2 (ii ) z 5 (iii ) z 7

3    
z  1 3 tan     z  2  cos  i sin 
1 3  3 3
2  1 3
 4   i   2  i 2 3
 2 2   2 2 
(i ) z  4  cos
2
 i sin 
 3 3 
5 5 5     
(ii ) z  2  cos  i sin   32  cos  i sin   16  i16 3
5

 3 3   3 3 

 7 7    
(iii ) z 7  27  cos  i sin   128  cos  i sin   64  i 63 3
 3 3   3 3
b) Given z  2  i find z 4 . Round your answer to the nearest integer

z  4 1 1
tan      0.464 to 3 decimal places
2
 5

z  5  cos 0.464  i sin 0.464 

 5  cos1.856  i sin1.856   25  0.281  0.960i   7  24i

4
z 
4
 Roots of a complex number
5 5
Consider z1  cos  i sin
6 6
 
and z2  cos  i sin
6 6
10 10    
z1  cos
2
 i sin  cos  i sin  cos  i sin
6 6 3 3 3 3
 
z22  cos  i sin
3 3

 
then z  z
2
It would appear that if z  cos  i sin
2

3 3

  5 5
z  cos  i sin and cos  i sin the solutions being  radians apart.
6 6 6 6
     5 5
z  cos
2
 i sin z  cos  i sin and cos  i sin
3 3 6 6 6 6

z2
z1

6 x
5
6
z2

2
The solutions are  radians apart, or think of it as radians apart.
2
 By De Moivre’s theorem, when finding the nth root of a complex
number we are effectively dividing the argument by n. We should
therefore study arguments in the range (-n, n) so that we have all
the solutions in the range (-, ) after division.

If z  r  cos  i sin   then the n solutions of the equation z1n  z are given by

1
    2 k     2 k  
z1  r  cos 
n
  i sin    where k  0,1, 2,...., n  1
  n   n 

The position vectors of the solution will divide the circle of radius r,
centre the origin, into n equal sectors.
 a) Solve the equation z 3  4  i 4 3.

4 3  3   
z  16  (16  3)  64  8 arg( z )  tan 
3 3

1
z  8  cos  i sin 
 4  3  3 3

     
1
 3  2  0  3  2  0    
For k = 0 z  8  cos 
3
  i sin     2  cos  i sin 
  3
 
3
   9 9
    

      2 1  
1
 3  2  1  3    7 7 
For k = 1 z  8 3
cos
    i sin    2 cos  i sin 
  3
 
3
  9 9 
    
 4 3  3   
z  16  (16  3)  64  8 arg( z )  tan 
3 3

1
z  8  cos  i sin 
 4  3  3 3 

      
   2  2    2  2  
 13 13 
1
z  83  cos  3   i sin 
3
  2 cos  i sin 
For k = 2   3
 
3
  9 9 
    
  5   5  
 2  cos    i sin  
  9   9 

 5 5 
 2  cos  i sin 
 9 9 

    7 7   5 5 
z   cos  i sin  ,  cos  i sin  ,  cos  i sin  ,
 9 9  9 9   9 9 
 b) Solve the equation z 5  1

z5  1 arg z  0

    2 k     2 k  
z  1 cos    i sin    , for k  0,1, 2,3, 4.
  5   5 

k  0, gives  cos 0  i sin 0   1  4 4 

k  3, gives  cos  i sin 
 5 5 
 2 2 
k  1, gives  cos  i sin   2 2 
 5 5  k  4, gives  cos  i sin 
 5 5 
 4 4 
k  2, gives  cos  i sin 
 5 5 
 Polynomials
In 1799 Gauss proved that every polynomial equation with complex
coefficients, f(z) = 0, where z  C, has at least one root in the set of
complex numbers. He later called this theorem the fundamental theorem
of algebra. In this course we restrict ourselves to real coefficients but the
fundamental theorem still applies since real numbers are also complex.

If the root of a ploynomial equation is non-real, ie of the form r cos  i sin  , 

r sin   0, then its conjugate r cos  i sin   is also a root.

A polynomial of degree n will have n complex roots.

A polynomial of degree n with real coefficients, can be reduced to a

product of real linear factors and real irreducible quadratic factors which
will have complex solutions.
 a) Show that z  1  2i is a root of the equation

f ( z )  z 4  6 z 3  18 z 2  30 z  25

b) Hence find all the other roots.

z  1  2i  z  1 4  5 arg z  1.107 radians

z  5  cos1.107  i sin1.107  We need to find z2, z3 and z4

And substitute them into the
Original equation.
2
z  5  cos 2.214  i sin 2.214   3  4i
2

3
z  5  cos3.321  i sin 3.321  11  2i
3

4
z  5  cos 4.428  i sin 4.428   7  24i
4
  f ( z )   7  24i   6  11  2i   18  3  4i   30 1  2i   25
 7  24i  66  12i  54  72i  30  60i  25
0

Thus z  1  2i is a root.
If z  1  2i is a root, then the conjugate 1  2i is also a root.

Thus  z  1  2i  and  z- 1-2i  are complex factors of z.

Multiplying the complex factors to find the real quadratic

 z  1  2i  z  1  2i   z 2
 z  2 zi  z  1  2i  2 zi  2i  4i 2

 z2  2z  5
 Using Division

z 2 4z 5
z 2  2 z  5 z 4  6 z 3  18 z 2  30 z  25
z 4  2 z3  5z 2
4z 3 13z 2 30z
4 z 3  8 z 2  20 z
5 z 2  10 z  25
5 z 2  10 z  25
0

Hence the complimentary real factor is z  4 z  5

2

4  16-20  2i
Using
2
Hence all four roots are: 1  2i, 1  2i, 2  i, 2  i.