CALCULUS 1

WITH ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY
CHAPTER 3:
APPLICATIONS
LESSON 3.1
TANGENTS AND
NORMAL TO PLANE
CURVES
 One of the most useful applications of the process of
differentiation is the determinant of the slope and
consequently the tangents to curves. Prior to calculus, the
computation of this slope involves approximation methods
that are tedious to process.

To determine the equation of the line tangent to the

curve at a given point P(x1,y1), then it is accomplished by
solving for the slope m by differentiation and directly
substituting together with the coordinates of P.
Find the tangent and normal to the parabola y2 = 3x - 5 at (3, -2)
 Find the equation of the tangent lines to the curve
y = x3 +2x2 - x - 2 at the point where
a. the curve crosses the x-axis
b. the curve that crosses the y-axis
Solution: Since thge curve crosses the x-axis, set y= 0
0 = x3 +2x2 - x - 2
solving for x by synthetic division, x= 1, -1, -2

Solving the slope

y = 3x2 + 4x -1

at x = 1 ; y = m1 = 6
at x = -1 ; y = m2 = -2
at x = -2 ; y = m3 = 3
Equations of the Tangent lines:

at (1,0), m1 = 6, substitute these values to the point slope form

y - 0 = 6 (x - 1), simplify, we get 6x - y - 6 = 0.

at (-1,0), m2 = -2, substitute these values to the point slope form

y - 0 = -2 (x + 1), simplify, we get 3x - y + 6 = 0.

at (0,-2), m1 = -1, substitute these values to the point slope form

y - (-2) = -1 (x - 0), simplify, we get x + y + 2 = 0.
LESSON 3.1.2
ANGLE BETWEEN
TWO CURVES
 Given two curves and their point of intersection, the
angle between two curves is the angle between their
tangents at their point of intersection. Acute angles and
obtuse angles occur if the two tangents are not on 90°
angle or not perpendicular to each other.

Consider the given curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) with

point of intersection at point P :(x,y).
Let L1 be the line tangent to y = f(x) and L2 be the line
tangent to g(x) intersecting point P. Let the angle that L 1
and L2 makes with respect to the horizontal line be α1 and
α2 respectively. Let β be the angle between the two tangent
lines as shown from the figure.
Find angle of intersection between the curves
2x2+y2=3 and 4y2-x2=12
ACTIVITY
Find the tangent and normal as stated in the given.
1. x2 - 6x + 2y - 8 = 0 at x =4
2. y = x2 + 2x at its point of intersection with the line y = 3

Find the angles of the intersection of the following pairs of

curves.
1. x2 + y2 - 4x + 2y + 4 = 0 and x2 - 4x - 5y - 8 = 0
2. x2 + y2 = 5 and x + 3y = 3
3. y2 - 2y + 4x +4 = 0 and y2 - 2y - 2x - 2 = 0
LESSON 3.2
POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS;
CONCAVITY;
GRAPHING OF POLYNOMIAL CURVES
 Graphing of function is an important aspect in the
presentation of a solution of a geometrical problem. The
ability to construct a graph of a function using a minimum
time is an advantage since the sketch of a problem
condition is important for two reasons. First, it helps the
students to visualize the problem condition and thus helps
him understand fully the problem and secondly, the sketch
can be helpful for checking out the validity of the computed
answer.

From algebra, the plotting of functions, specially lines

and conic sections was done using the point by approach.
this process is usedful for giving an accurate detail of some
portion of a curve but fails to determine the general
properties of the curves so as to make the plotting process
less tedious.
Increasing and Decreasing Functions

At this point we will study the behavior of the function

y = f(x). It was already shown that the derivative of y with
respect to x is the rate of change of y with respect to x.
Thus, if y’ < 0, then x decreases. In the figure points A and
E have the condition where y’ > 0 and point C has y’ < 0.
Looking at point B, we will notice that it is the highest point
when considering only the range of x from A to E, but
beyond E, B is definitely lower than F. Thus, we can say
that B is a ralative maximum of the curve.
CONCAVITY

When the first derivative is differantiated again using

the same independent variable, then an important property
of plynomial curves can be analyzed by the second
derivative. The second derivative can be said to be the rate
of change of the slope of the given functions.
Thus, it follows that
If y’’=0, then y’<0, then y is decreasing.
So what happens when y’ = 0? Let us follow a point
as it traverse a course defined by y = f(x) starting from A y’
is positive but the slope is gradually diminishing until at B
where y’ = 0.
CONCAVITY

When the first derivative is differantiated again using

the same independent variable, then an important property
of plynomial curves can be analyzed by the second
derivative. The second derivative can be said to be the rate
of change of the slope of the given functions.
Thus, it follows that
If y’’=0, then y’<0, then y is decreasing.
So what happens when y’ = 0? Let us follow a point
as it traverse a course defined by y = f(x) starting from A y’
is positive but the slope is gradually diminishing until at B
where y’ = 0.
GRAPHING OF POLYNOMIAL CURVES
Graphs in the form of y = ax + bx 2 +cx3 ... + kxn are said to
be polynomial curves. It is one type of curves where the
aforementioned concept can be applied satisfactory without
restoring the tedious point plotting technique.

a. Determine the pointof intersection with the coordinate axes. This

is done by setting x and y to zero.
b. Identify the critical values by solving for y’ and equating it to zero
and solving for x.
c. Identify the points of inflection by solving for y’and setting it to
zero and solving for x.
d. Analyz the behavior of y for increasing and decreasing values of
x. This is done normally by looking at the term of the polynomial
curves.
e. Plotting additional points if necessary as in the case where a
greater accuracy is required or the intervals between known points
are spread apart.
Determine the critical points of the curve 4y = x 4 -14x2 + 24x

Solution: First get the derivative

4y’ = 4x3 -28x + 24
Divide by 4
y’ = x3 -7x + 6, then set y’ to zero
0 = x3 -7x + 6
By synthetic division
0=(x-1)(x+3)(x-2)

Thus the critical abscissas are 1, -3 and 2:

 if x = 1; then 4y = (1)4 -14(1)2 + 24(1) y = 11/4
getting the y’; y’=3x2 -7; at x = 1 y’ = -4; y>0
Thus CP1 (1,11/4), is a maximum point
if x = 2; then 4y = (2)4 -14(2)2 + 24(2) y=2
getting the y’; y’=3(2)2 -7 = 5; y’ >0
Thus CP2 (2, 2) is a minimum point
if x = -3; then 4y = (-3)4 -14(-3)2 + 24(-3) y = -117/4
getting the y’; y’=3(-3)2 -7 = 20; y’ >0
Thus CP3 (-3, -117/4) is a minimum point
LESSON 3.3
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
PROBLEMS
 From the previous discussion, it was shown that the first derivative
becomes zero at the extreme values. Thus, the idea of utilizing thus
condition in the solution of problems, requiring identification of extreme
values. Problems of these nature found not only in the field of engineering
but also in biology and economics. To solve the maxima and minima
problems, the following steps are suggested.
⮚ Draw the figure as described in the problem. Indicate clearly the
variable introduced.
⮚ Write down the working formula in terms of the introduced variables.
The formula is normally the quantity being maximized or minimized.
⮚ Differentiate the formula for the quantity being maximized or minimized,
equate the value to zero and solve for the variables.
 A box is to be made from a sheet of tin 30cm by 20cm by cutting
equal squares out of the corners and then turning up the sides. What is the
volume of the largest box that can be made this way?

Solution:
Let V = Volume
V = (length) (width) (height)
Length= 30 - 2x x = side of the square
Width = 20 - 2x

V = (30-2x)(20-2x)(x)
V = 4(x3 -25x2 +150x)get V’ = 4(3x2 -50x +150)
then set V’ to 0
0 = 3x2 -50x +150
LESSON 3.4
RELATED RATES
 The derivative dy/dx of a function y = f(x) is its
instantaneous rate of change with respect to the variable x. When
a function describes either position or distance, then its time rate
of change is interpreted as velocity.

To solve problems concerned with related rates, it is good idea to:

1. Draw a picture.
2. Label all quantities that change in time with symbols.
3. Analyze the words of the problem and determine which rates
are given and what are rate is required.
4. Set up an equation that relates the variables.
5. Differentiate the equation with respect to time t.
LESSON 3.5
RECTILINEAR
MOTION
b. at the highest point, v = 0,

0 = 39.2 - 9.8t

Solving for t
t = 39.2/9.8 = 4 sec.

c. after t = 4sec, the highest point is

s = 39.2(4) - 4.9(4)2

= 156.8 - 78.4

s = 87.4 meters
THANK YOU!