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Basics of Motor Circuits - Part 1

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6 views30 pages

Basics of Motor Circuits - Part 1

Uploaded by

prasannaviraj811
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basics of Motor circuits – Part I

Industrial and Commercial Installation Systems


E40T001M18
Contents
• Basics of AC Motors
• Motor control methods
Classification of Motors
Mainly we are focused on AC Induction type Motors.
AC Induction type Motors
Structure (Squirrel cage rotor type)
There are two main parts

Rotor Stator
The other type is Slip ring Motors. It is rarely used only 10% industry.
AC Induction type Motors

A closer look
AC Induction type Motors
Reading a Motor Nameplate

1. Voltage
2. Frequency
3. Number of Phases
4. Rated Current
5. Type / Class / Model
6. Power factor
7. Kw or Horsepower
8. Full load speed
9. Efficiency
10. Degree of protection
AC Induction type Motors
Reading a Motor Nameplate

1. Voltage
This is always indicated as line to line voltage.
230/460, meaning it can be wired for operation
at either voltage. connecting coils in series for
high voltage, or in parallel for low voltage.
AC Induction type Motors
Reading a Motor Nameplate

2. Frequency
The frequency that is applied to the stator
winding will determine the synchronous speed
of the motor. Some motors may be designed to
operate at 50 or 60 Hz. but unless that is
specifically indicated, always assume the motor
will operate only at its rated frequency.
AC Induction type Motors
Reading a Motor Nameplate

3. Number of Phases
Indicates required phases to operate the motor
Ex: single phase or 3P
AC Induction type Motors
Reading a Motor Nameplate

4. Rated Current
This is the line current that the machine is
designed to draw when it operates at rated
load, rated voltage, and rated speed.
AC Induction type Motors
Reading a Motor Nameplate

5. Type / Class / Model


This information can be varied one motor specs
to another, indicated as Frame / class etc…
For better understanding it is required to follow
manufacturer motor specification sheets.
AC Induction type Motors
Reading a Motor Nameplate

6. Power factor
May be indicated as P.F or cos Ф. Motor is an
inductive load. It is needed to use a motor with
power factor close to 1 for better electrical
efficiency. (between 0.8 to 0.9)
AC Induction type Motors
Reading a Motor Nameplate

6. Power factor
May be indicated as P.F or cos Ф. Motor is an
inductive load. It is needed to use a motor with
power factor close to 1 for better electrical
efficiency. (between 0.8 to 0.9)
AC Induction type Motors
Speed relationship
Stator - Electromagnetic field is rotating
Synchronous speed (Ns)

𝑵𝒔=𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒇 / 𝑷

Rotor Speed (N) – Slightly lower than


Synchronous speed due to Slip (S).
𝑵 =𝑵𝒔(𝟏− 𝑺)

Slip - difference between speed of stator field and rotor speed.


AC Induction type Motors
Example 1 Stator - Electromagnetic field is
rotating Synchronous speed (Ns)

𝑵𝒔=𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒇 / 𝑷

Rotor Speed (N) – Slightly lower


than Synchronous speed due to Slip
(S).
𝑵 =𝑵𝒔(𝟏− 𝑺)

Slip - difference between speed of stator field and rotor speed.


AC Induction type Motors
Example 1 - Solution Stator - Electromagnetic field is
rotating Synchronous speed (Ns)

𝑵𝒔=𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒇 / 𝑷

Rotor Speed (N) – Slightly lower


than Synchronous speed due to Slip
(S).
𝑵 =𝑵𝒔(𝟏− 𝑺)
AC Induction type Motors
Example 2 Stator - Electromagnetic field is
Find rotating Synchronous speed (Ns)
1. Number of poles
2. Synchronous speed 𝑵𝒔=𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒇 / 𝑷
3. Slip
according to the Nameplate below

Rotor Speed (N) – Slightly lower


than Synchronous speed due to Slip
(S).
𝑵 =𝑵𝒔(𝟏− 𝑺)
AC Induction type Motors
Example 2 - Solution Stator - Electromagnetic field is
rotating Synchronous speed (Ns)
1. We need to read the RPM and rated supply frequency from the name
plate. 𝑵𝒔=𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒇 / 𝑷
RPM = 1765 (This is rotor speed) and supply frequency is 60Hz.
We don’t know the Slip, But,
Synchronous speed > rotor speed.

𝑁𝑠=120 𝑓 / 𝑃 Rotor Speed (N) – Slightly lower


than Synchronous speed due to Slip
120 𝑥𝑓 Substituting rotor speed (S).
𝑃=
𝑁𝑠
𝑵 =𝑵𝒔(𝟏− 𝑺)
= 4.079 Get the nearest Integer value
It is 4, The motor has 4 poles
AC Induction type Motors
Example 2 - Solution Stator - Electromagnetic field is
rotating Synchronous speed (Ns)
2. Find the Synchronous speed

𝑁𝑠=120 𝑓 / 𝑃 𝑵𝒔=𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒇 / 𝑷
𝑁𝑠=120 𝑥 60 /4
𝑵𝒔=𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑹𝑷𝑴
3. Find the Slip Rotor Speed (N) – Slightly lower
𝑁 =𝑁𝑠 (1 −𝑆) than Synchronous speed due to Slip
(S).
( 1 −𝑆 )=𝑁 / 𝑁𝑠
S=1− ¿ ¿ 𝑵 =𝑵𝒔(𝟏− 𝑺)
S =1 − ¿ ¿
Slip
AC Induction type Motors
Electrical connections
AC Induction type Motors
Advantages

Very popular in the Industrial installations due to,

Construction is very simple and not expensive.


Slip ring and brushes are absent, therefore less maintenance is required.
Easy installation, and easy to control.
You have wide range (fractions of kW to Several hundreds of kW)
AC Induction type Motors

Motor control methods

DOL (Direct online starter)


Star – Delta Control
Soft Starter
VFD (Variable frequency drive)
Motor control methods
DOL (Direct online starter)

S1 – Start push button


S0 – Stop push button
F2 – Thermal overload
K1 – Contactor
Motor control methods
Star – Delta Control
Motor control methods
Soft Starter
Motor control methods
VFD (Variable frequency drive)
VFDs work by adjusting the frequency of the
motor to adjust the rpms.
To do this,
Motor control methods
DOL Star - Delta Soft Starter VFD
Any Motor size with speed
Used upto 5HP Used upto 20HP More than 20HP
control

starting current is Reducing 1/3 of starting 20% to 110% of rated Starting current can be
6 to 8 times of rated current current current reduced as we want

Speed control is applied at


No speed control No speed control Speed control at any time
Starting and stopping only

cheaper costly expensive Very expensive

To reduce starting current of


For simple operation of To reduce starting current of Where speed control is
large motors
small motors large motors neccessory
Motor Current Calculations
For 3 phase Motors

Eta
Motor Current Calculations
For 1 phase Motors
Motor Current Calculations
Calculate currents for following 3 phase motors pf = 0.85
400V
Efficiency =0.95

Answers
1. 150HP - 200A
2. 30HP - 40A
3. 10HP - 13.34A

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