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Geological Conditions Necessary For Construction of Dams

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72 views29 pages

Geological Conditions Necessary For Construction of Dams

Uploaded by

Rhearose Alcaria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MAY 28

Geological Conditions
Necessary for
Construction
of Dams
What is a 1

• an Engineering structure

DAM? constructed across a valley or


natural depression to create a
water storage reservoir.
3 Main Purposes
• Provision of a dependable water
supply for domestic and/or
irrigation use
• flood mitigation
• generation of electric power
SELECTION
OF DAM SITE
1. Suitable foundation must be 3. The general bed level at dam site
available. should preferably be higher than that of
2. For economy, the length of the dam the river basin. This will reduce the
height of the dam.
should be as small as possible, and for a
4. A suitable site for spillway should be
given height, it should store the available in the near vicinity.
maximum volume of water.
SELECTION
OF DAM SITE
5. Materials required for the construction of
dam should be easily available, either locally
or in the near vicinity.
6. The value of land and property submerged
by the proposed dam should be as low as
possible.
FACTORS
AFFECTING
SELECTION OF
TYPE OF DAM
1. Topography
4.Spillway Size and Location

5. Earthquake Zone
2.Geological and Foundation
Conditions 6. Height of Dam
3. Availability of Materials 7.Other factors
1.
TOPOGRAPH
Dictates the first choice of the type of dam.
• A narrow U-shaped valley, i.e. a narrow stream flowing between

Y high rocky walls, would suggest a concrete overflow dam.


• A low plain country, would suggest an earth fill dam with

separate spillways.
• A narrow V-shaped valley indicates the choice of an Arch dam
A narrow U-shaped valley, i.e. a narrow stream flowing between high
rocky walls, would suggest a concrete overflow dam.
A low plain country, would suggest an earth fill dam with separate
spillways.
A narrow V-shaped valley indicates the choice of an Arch dam
2. GEOLOGICAL AND
FOUNDATION CONDITIONS
• Solid rock foundations such as granite have strong bearing power

and almost every kind of dam can be built on such foundations.


• Gravel foundations are suitable for earthen and rock fill dams.

• Silt and fine sand foundations suggest construction of earth dams

or very low gravity dams.


2. GEOLOGICAL AND
FOUNDATION CONDITIONS

• Clay foundations are likely to cause enormous


settlement of the dam.
3. AVAILABILITY OF
MATERIALS
• In order to achieve economy in dam
construction, the materials required must
be available locally or at short distances
from the construction site.
4. SPILLWAY SIZE AND
LOCATION• Spillway disposes the surplus river discharge.
The capacity of the spillway will depend on
the magnitude of the floods to be by-passed.
The spillway is therefore much more
important on rivers and streams with large
flood potential.
5. EARTHQUAKE
ZONE• If dam is situated in an earthquake zone, its
design must include earthquake forces. The
type of structure best suited to resist
earthquake shocks without danger are
earthen dams and concrete gravity dams.
6. HEIGHT OF DAM
• Earthen dams are usually not provided
for heights more than 30m or so. For
greater heights, gravity dams are
generally preferred.
Other factors
• cost of construction and
maintenance, life of dam,
aesthetics etc.
GEOLOGICAL
1

CHARACTERS
FOR
INVESTIGATIO
GEOLOGY
1
• Preliminary geological surveys
of the entire catchments area

OF THE followed by detailed geological


mapping of the reservoir area

AREA have conducted. These should


reveal:
GEOLOGY OF THE
AREA
• main topographic features, patterns, natural drainage
• general characters and structures of rock formations such as their
stratification, folding and faulting and igneous intrusions, and
• the trend and rate of weathering and erosion in the area.
GEOLOGY OF THE SITE
LITHOLOGY.
• The single most important feature that must be known

thoroughly at the site and all around and below the valley

up to a reasonable depth is the Lithology, i.e. types of the

rocks that make the area.


STRUCTURES
• This involves detailed mapping of planes of

weakness like bedding planes, schistosity, foliation,


cleavage, joints, shear zones, faults and fault zones,
folding and the associated features.
DIP AND
STRIKE
• The strength of sound, un fractured stratified rock

is always greater when the stresses are acting


normal to the bedding planes than if applied in
other directions.
faults
These structures can be source of danger to the dam in a number of ways. Thus,

• The faulted rocks are generally shattered along the ruptured surface;

• Different types of rocks may be presented in either side of a fault plane. Hense, sites with

fault planes require great caution in calculating the design strength in various sections of

the dam.
faults
• Dams founded on beds traversed by fault zones and
on major fault planes are more liable to shocks
during an earthquake compared to dams on non-
faulted rocks
REFERENCES

1.https://brainkart.com/article/Geological-Characters-For-Investigation_3814/
2.https://brainkart.com/article/Geological-Conditions-Necessary-For-Construction-Of-
Dams_3813/
3.http://lin.springer.com/referenceworkentr/10.1007%2FO-387-30842-3-15
Thank You

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