Matrix and

determinant
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or
expressions, arranged in rows and columns. The individual items in a matrix
are called its elements or entries. Two matrices can be added or subtracted
element by element if have the same number of rows and the same
number of columns.
Order of matrix
The number of rows and columns that a matrix has is
called its order or
its dimension
2 6 2
5 3 8 2*3
The dimension of matrix is read as "two by three" because there
are two rows and three columns.
Order or dimension =number of rows ×number of
columns
 Components of
matrix 3 5
2
Let M = 5 3 1
Where a11 denotes first row first column a11 =2 similarly a12 =3 and so
on.
Types of matrix:
 Row matrix
Matrix having only one row is called row matrix. The order of
such matrix is of 1× n
Example M =[5, 6,8] is the matrix of order 1× 3
 Column matrix
Matrix containing only one column is called column matrix. The order
of such matrix is of n ×1
Example M 6 is 5the matrix of order
= 1× 3
−9
 Null matrix or Zero matrix
Matrix having all elements zero is called zero or null
matrix.
M= 0
0
 Square matrix
A square matrix is a matrix with an equal number of rows and
columns. 3 4 3
Example: M 5 1 9 𝑀 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 3 × 3
= 7 3 7
 Diagonal matrix
A diagonal matrix is a square matrix that has all its elements zero
except for those in the diagonal from top left to bottom right.
2 0 0
Example: M = 0 1 0
0 0 9
 Scalar matrix
A diagonal matrix having same main diagonal element is called
scalar
matrix. 5 0 0
Example: M = 0 5 0
0 0 5
 Unit matrix
A unit matrix is a diagonal matrix whose elements in the diagonal
are all ones.
1 0 0
1 0
I= 0 1 and I= 0 1 0
0 0 1
 Symmetric matrix:
A square matrix which do not change its row and column
are interchanged is called symmetric matrix.
 2 5 6
S= 5 8 4
6 4 9 3*3
 Singular and non – singular matrices
Singular matrix is square matrix whose determinant is equal to
Zero 5
Example A = 2 2 is the singular
5
matrix.
| A | =10 -10 =0
Non - Singular matrix is also square matrix whose determinant is
not equal to zero.
5
A = 2 2 is the non singular
6
matrix.
| A | =12- 10
=2
Determinant of 2 ×2
matrix 𝑏
𝑎
If A = 𝑐 𝑑
|A |= ad –bc

Transpose of matrix:
The transpose of a matrix is a matrix which is obtained by
interchanging rows into column and column into rows.It is denoted by A’ or
AT
Example14 7
M = 21 5 9 transpose of M=
T
1 2
T= 4 5
7 9
Properties of Transpose of a Matrix:
 Transpose of the Transpose Matrix.
(A′)′ =A
 Addition Property of Transpose
(A+B)′ =A′+B′
 subtraction property of
transpose (A-B)′ =A′-B′
 Multiplication by Constant.
(kA)′ =kA′, where k is a
constant
 Multiplication Property of
Transpose.
(AB)′ =B′A′
Matrix
Inverse:
If A is a non-singular square matrix, there is an existence of n x n
matrix 𝐴−1, which is called the inverse matrix of A such that it satisfies the
property:
A𝐴−1 =𝐴−1A =I, where Iis the Identity
matrix The identity matrix for the 2 x 2 matrix is
given by
It is noted that in order to find the inverse matrix, the square
matrix should be non-singular whose determinant value does not equals
to zero.
1
A-1= 𝑑𝑒𝑡.(𝐴) adj(𝐴)
Let us take the square matrix A
Where a, b, c, and d represents the number.
 Matrix Inverse
• Properties:
(A-1)-1 =A
• (AB)-1 =𝐵−1𝐴−1
•• (ABC) -1 =C-1
(A1 A2….A -1B-1A-1
n) =An An-1 ……A2 -1A1-1
-1 -1

• (AT)-1 =(A-1)T
• (kA)-1 = (1/k)A-1
• AB = In, where A and B are inverse of each
other.
• If A is a square matrix where n>0, then (A-1)n
=A-n
Where A-n = (An)-1
MCQ questions
1.If A and B are matrices of orders m x n and p x q
respectively, then the product AB exists if
a) n =p b) m =p c) n =q d) m =q Option
a

0
2. If A = 0 1 then 𝐴 𝑖𝑠
1 4

1 1 0 0 1
a. 10 0 𝑏. 𝑐. 𝑑. 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
0 1 1 0
Option b

3.If A is an m ×n matrix and B is a matrix given in such a way that AB

and BA are both defined ,then the size of the B matrix is
A. m
B. n ×n
×n
C. m D. n
×n ×m
Option d
 2
1
4. If A = 0 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝑛 𝑖𝑠
2𝑛 𝑛 1 1 2 𝑛 2
𝑏. 𝑐. 𝑑.
a. 10 1 0 1 0 0
2 1
Option a

5. If A2 – A +I=0 then 𝐴−1=

-----
a) 𝐼2 b) A +I c) I– d) A –
𝐴
A I
Option C

−2
6. is as singular matrix then x is equal
−4
If to
7 b.3 c.14
a.1 𝑥 d.28
Option c
7. If A and B are square matrices of same order, then which is not
true?
a. AB =BA b. 𝐴𝐵 −1 = 𝐵−1𝐴−1 c. 𝐴𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇𝐴𝑇 d.
none A+B=B+A

2 1
8. The inverse of the matrix is
3 4
is
4 1 4 4 4 3
a.51 3 2 𝑏. 51 𝑐. 51 𝑑. 51
−3 −1 1 2
Option c −1 2 −3 2

2 1 𝑥
9. What is the value of x, if the and are adjoint
4 6 −1
matrices each other ? of
−4 2
a.6 b.4 c.2
d.5

Option a
 2
10.The value of k when the 𝑘 does not have an inverse is
3 5
matrix
d.
a. 2 b. 5 c. 3/10 10/3

Option d

11. . If (x, y) 3 =(6, 10) the values of x and y

0 1
2
a. ( 3, are
b. (3, 1) c. ( 1, 3) d. none of
4) these
Option b
 0

1
a) 0 c) -1 d) 2
2
Ans : option
12. The a0
value of 1 2 is
1
1 0 1
1 2 1 , then (IOST 2072)
13 if A = 0
1 A
0 is 0
a) Symmetric b)3Skew-symmetric c) Singular d) Non- Singular
b)1
Ans: Option d

𝑘 1
0 = 0, then k=
14) If 2 0 𝑘
0 2 c)0 d) 4
−1
a)
Ans:1 option 1 b) -1
 𝑏+𝑐 2
𝑎2 𝑎2
15) 𝑏2 2 =
𝑐
2 𝑏2 2
𝑐 +𝑎
a) 2abc a + b + 𝑐𝑐 2^3 𝑎+𝑏 b) 4 𝑎 2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
c) (a+b+c)^3 d) (a+b+c) (a-c)^2
Ans: Option a
 1+𝑥 1
1
16) 1 11 +𝑦 11 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
a) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 b)𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1
−1 1 1
c) 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧2 d) (𝑥1 + 𝑦
+ 𝑧 + 1) (𝑥𝑦𝑧)

Ans: Option d

Thankyou