Air Pollution 1

AIR POLLUTION
SUBMITTED TO:
Dr.Satyanarayan
Professor & head
Dept. of AHE
BY:
DR MOHAMED GHOUSE H
Jr .M.V.Sc.
Dept.of VPP
CONTENTS
Definition and composition
Classification of air pollutants
Causes of air pollution
Major air pollutants and sources
Effects of air pollution
Control measures
COMPOSITON OF AIR
78% Nitrogen (N2)

21% Oxygen (O2)
0.9% Argon
0.035% (CO2)
Air Pollution
Air pollution is an addition
or excessive addition of of
certain gases, chemicals,
and particle matter into the
atmosphere making it less
fit or unfit for Life.
Air pollution primarily

comes from burning fossil
fuels such as natural gas,
petroleum, and coal.
CLASSIFICATION
Major air pollutants occur either in gaseous forms or

as particulate matter.
Mainly classified as primary or secondary
Primary pollutants- emitted directly into the air
ex: DDT, plastic
Secondary pollutants- produced through reactions
between primary pollutants and normal atmospheric
compounds.
ex: Peroxy acetyl nitrate{PAN} formed by interaction of
nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons
Some primary air pollutants may react with one
another or with other chemicals in the air to form
secondary air pollutants.
SOURCES OF AIR
POLLUTION
Natural sources include:

Volcanoes, fires, dust
storms,radioactivity …
Greece 2007
SOURCES OF AIR
POLLUTION
Human (Anthropogenic)
• population explosion- construction works,
• rapid industrialization
• urbanization- automobiles
• exploitation of nature-mining, deforestation
• in rural areas- conventional fuels like wood
SIX COMMON AIR POLLUTANTS
There are six criteria pollutants
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
Ozone
Particulates
Lead
SULFUR DIOXIDE: SO2
Sources: mostly stationary fuel combustion (esp.
coal power plants)
Main Effects:
Acid rain
-Damages structures
i.e. monuments/buildings
Corrosive
Damages lungs
SO2
PARTICULATE MATTER
Examples: dust, soot, lead, arsenic
Sources: industry , factories,vehicles fuel combustion
Main Effects: depends on pollutant
Usually decreases lung function
Block sunlight and may cause climatel change. imate
 fine beach sand – 90 microns
 PM 2.5 – combustion particles,
organic compounds , metals etc
 PM 10 - dust , pollen , mould etc
LEAD
Sources: paints ,petrol, diesel, lead batteries and
smelting plants
Main Effects:
Affects brain and nervous system
Creates digestive problems
OZONE: O3
Stratosphere – protects earth
@ ground level- harmful
Sources: secondary pollutant from nitrogen
dioxide, hydrocarbons, sunlight
Mostly transportation; also stationary fuel
combustion.
Main Effects:
Damages lungs; irritates eyes, irritation of mucous
membrane.
Damages plants.
Cracking of rubber products.
Good Good
Ozone is “Bad”
Here
NITROGEN DIOXIDE: NO2
Sources: secondary pollutant from nitrogen oxide
Mostly fuel combustion (stationary and
transportation)
Main Effects:
Acid rain
Forms ozone
Damages lungs
Produces brown haze in air
CARBON MONOXIDE: CO
Sources: mostly transportation, cigarette, burning of
wood
Main Effects:
Reduces blood’s capacity to carry oxygen (headache
and nausea)
Other pollutants
Hydrogen sulfide - geysers, swamps,
Hydrogen Fluoride - coal gasification, burning of coal
Methyl Isocyanate – pesticide
Functional damage to plants

Health problems ranging from toxicity to death for
humans and other animals.
Volatile Organic Compounds
 Variety of organic compounds used as solvents in industrial processes
 Dry cleaning, degreasing , and graphic arts.
Ex: Hydrocarbons
 Thousands of hydrocarbon compounds exist, including natural gas, or
methane (CH4); butane (C4H10); and propane (C3H8).
Some VOCs react with sunlight to produce photochemical smog

Smog
Mixture of smoke and fog that produced unhealthy
air.
Two major types
Photochemical smog ( brown air)
Sulfurous smog (London type smog, gray air, or
industrial smog)
Smog
Photochemical smog reaction
involves sunlight, nitric oxides
and VOCs
Directly related to
automobile use
Sulfurous smog is produced

by the burning of coal or
oil at large power plants.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
 Human Health
 ACUTE: short duration exposure
and/or immediate effects
Examples:
irritation of eyes, nose and throat,
upper respiratory infections ,
(bronchitis, pneumonia),
Headache, Nausea,allergic
reactions.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
Human Health
CHRONIC: long
duration exposure and/or
long term effects
Examples:
Asthma
lung cancer
Heart disease
Damage to brain,
nerves, liver, kidneys
Air pollution in india
WHO:
The World Health Organisation (WHO) recently
reported that 13 of the 20 international cities with the
worst fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in air pollution
are in India, and Delhi is at the top of the list.
As many as 54% of India’s population lives in regions
that do not meet the NAAQS for fine particulate
matter, and nearly every Indian (99.5%) lives in a
region with air pollution levels above the stricter
guidelines of the WHO.
WHO has also ranked outdoor air pollution among
the top killers in India.
Control
Control
There are various air pollution control
technologies and land-use
planning strategies available to reduce air
pollution.
1. Cleaning smokestacks and exhaust pipes
2. Laws and regulations
3. Use of renewable/green energy sources
4. Individual level prevention methods
5. Raising awareness through campaigns and
advocacy
Cleaning smokestacks and exhaust pipes
In power plants ,factories -Wet Scrubbers,
electrostatic precipitators
and vehicles- catalytic converters
Laws and regulations
In India- CPCB- executing national air quality monitoring
programme
Vehicle norms-Use of CNG ,bharath 4 stage ,
-use of lead free petrol
GOI measures:
Bharat stage-IV emission norms have been implemented in
13 mega cities for new 4-wheelers from 2010.
Mass emission standards (Bharat Stage III) have been
notified for two, three wheelers and diesel driven
agricultural tractors from April 1, 2010 throughout the
country.
In Delhi & some other cities most of the public
transport is running on CNG instead of diesel.
The government has also launched a colour-coded
national air-quality index in April 2015, along with the
promise of more monitoring stations, to continuously
monitor the air quality.
Use of renewable/green energy sources
Wind energy,
Geothermal energy
Hydropower energy
Solar energy
Individual level prevention methods
Ride the cycle-good for health and environment.
Regular pollution check up for your bike/car.
Encourage and use carpool method.
Afforestation
Raising awareness through campaigns and advocacy
THANK YOU

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AIR POLLUTION

78% Nitrogen (N2)

Air pollution primarily

Major air pollutants occur either in gaseous forms or

Natural sources include:

Functional damage to plants

Some VOCs react with sunlight to produce photochemical smog

Sulfurous smog is produced

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