oestrus synchronization

oestrus synchronization
• The primary goal of dairy cattle breeding is to
increase the efficiency of milk production, some
farmers have considered crossbreeding an
alternative to achieve this goal.
• Crossbreeding is one alternative for improvement
of milk composition, health, fertility and survival,
Because differences between breeds are much
greater than the differences within breed and
extra benefits cab be achieved from heterosis .
 oestrus synchronization
• The reproductive performance of the breeding
female is probably the single most important
factor influencing herd/flock productivity.
Reproductive performance influence the
efficiency of milk and meat production and
the rate of genetic progress in both selection
and cross breeding programs.
 oestrus synchronization
What's means by Estrus Synchronization?
• Management of animal natural reproductive cycle in an effort to
have as many females at the same point in their cycle as possible

Advantages of Estrus Synchronization

1. Shorten calving interval
2. Decrease labor cost by concentrate calving by AI or by natural
service in or out breeding seasons
3. Increase new born animals, animal fertility, milk production.
4. some times for treat or diagnosis of female genital system
5. Super ovulation and embryo transfer
 oestrus synchronization
• Can induce 75-90% of female to display estrus
with in 5 day period
• Additionally many protocols can induce a fertile
heat in as much as 50% of anestrus females
• A common result of many protocols is that 45-
55% of the animals will be pregnant by end of
fixed week
• A fixed time AI protocol result 40-50% of female
bred in a single day without heat detection
 oestrus synchronization
 Estrus Synchronization protocols
• Prostaglandin:
1. Destroy CL
2. Not effective if there is not active CL present
3. Animals must be actively cycling
 Commercial product:
• Lutalyse
• Estrumate
• prostamate
Principles and methods of cycle control
• The control of the oestrous cycle is dependent
on manipulation of hormonal changes in order
to cause ovulation at a predetermined,
convenient time, rather than when it would
have occurred naturally.
• There are three main approaches
Principles and methods of cycle control
 The artificial induction of premature luteolysis using luteolytic
agents such as prostaglandin (PGF2) . This will obviously only
be effective in cycling cows with an active corpus luteum.
 Prostaglandin-induced luteolysis in association with GnRH to
manipulate follicular and luteal function. This procedure
could potentially be used for the induction of ovulation in
acyclic as well as cyclic cows.
 The simulation of corpus luteum functions, by administration
of progesterone (or one of its synthetic derivatives) for a
number of days, followed by abrupt withdrawal. This
procedure is also effective for the induction of ovulation in
acyclic cows.
The artificial induction of premature luteolysis

The most potent luteolytic agents available are

derivatives of PGF2α . Injection of exogenous
PGF2α or one of its analogues during the mid-
luteal phase of the cycle results in premature
luteolysis and a consequential fall in
peripheral progesterone concentrations
Prostaglandins have been used to control the
oestrous cycle in several different ways. Some
possible methods are:
The artificial induction of premature luteolysis

 Following rectal examination so that only those cows with

a corpus luteum are injected. These cows should then
show oestrus and ovulate 3–5 days later. This method has
the disadvantage that it is time-consuming and that rectal
palpation involves added expense. The results also
depend on the accuracy of the rectal palpation.
 Following the identification of an active corpus luteum
using milk progesterone measurement. A further milk
sample could be taken before intended AI in order to
confirm that the prostaglandin injection had induced
luteolysis
The artificial induction of premature luteolysis

 Observation of all cattle for oestrus for a seven-day period,

serving any that show oestrus. The rest are injected with
prostaglandin on the following day and may be inseminated
either once or twice at fixed times or at observed oestrus.
 The reason for the initial seven-day observation period is that
there is a period of about seven days in the cycle (day 18 to day
0 and day 1 to day 4) when the animal is unresponsive to
prostaglandin, i.e. when no corpus luteum is present.
 After seven days, those originally between days 18 and 0 should
have shown heat and been served, while those that were
between days 1 and 4 will now be between days 8 and 11, i.e. in
the mid-luteal phase, and therefore responsive to prostaglandin.
 The artificial induction of premature
luteolysis
 The two injection plus two insemination method. The so-
called two plus two technique was designed to synchronize
groups of animals cycling at random without prior knowledge
of their precise ovarian status.
 All cattle are injected on day 1 of treatment and the injection
repeated 11 days later.
 AI is then carried out usually three and four days later.
Alternatively, cows may be served at observed oestrus after
the second injection.
 At the time of the first injection some animals will be
responsive to the prostaglandin, i.e. between days 5 and 17 of
the cycle
 The artificial induction of premature
luteolysis
• A modification of the ‘two plus two’ method is the so-called 11/2
method.
• Cows are injected with prostaglandin and those that show oestrus
are inseminated. Those that have not been seen in oestrus are
injected again 11 days after the first injection and may be
inseminated either at a fixed time(s) or at observed oestrus.
• Although requiring further effort in terms of oestrus detection,
this method tends to give better results than the ‘two plus two’
regime and is perhaps the current method of choice. Its main
advantage, however, is the reduction in cost by the reduction of
both the number of treatments used and number of inseminations
 The artificial induction of premature
luteolysis
• The use of GnRH in conjunction with
prostaglandin. The so-called Ovsynch regimen
(Pursley et al., 1997) was designed to reduce
the variability in the time of ovulation
following the use of prostaglandin alone.
GnRH is injected on day 0, followed by
prostaglandin on day 7 and a further GnRH
injection on day 9–10. Fixed-time AI is
performed 16 hours later.
 The artificial induction of premature
luteolysis
 The first GnRH injection is designed to either
 (1) manipulate ovarian follicular development
by ovulating and/or luteinizing the existing
dominant follicle and initiating the growth of a
new cohort of follicles so that a new dominant
follicle emerges by day 7, or
 (2) extend the life of the existing corpus
luteum in late-luteal phase cows so that it is
still responsive to prostaglandin 7 days late
 The artificial induction of premature
luteolysis
• The second GnRH injection is designed to
synchronize ovulation further by initiating the pre-
ovulatory LH surge, which should initiate ovulation.
Peters et al. (1999a,b) found that Ovsynch’, with
the second GnRH being given on day 9.5, is
effective and suggested that the major role of the
first injection appeared to be the extension of the
cycle in late luteal phase cows and that the second
GnRH injection is the most critical in determining
the synchrony of ovulation
GnRH protocols:
1. Its use or combine with prostaglandins
2. All GnRH protocols-based protocols are basically the
same
 Commercial product:
• Cystorelin
• Factrel
• fertagyl
GNRH on day 0, then PGF2α on day 7: then GnRH on day 9
or10
 The simulation of corpus luteum function
using progesterone
• In this method the function of the corpus luteum is
simulated by the administration of progesterone or one of
its derivatives. The progesterone suppresses gonadotrophin
release, and hence follicular maturation, until it is
withdrawn.
• If a group of cows is treated with progesterone and then it is
withdrawn from all cows simultaneously, this will
theoretically synchronize ovulation in the group In order to
synchronize a group of randomly cycling cows effectively, it
is necessary to treat them with progesterone for a period
equivalent to the length of the natural luteal phase, i.e. at
least 16 days
 The simulation of corpus luteum function
using progesterone
 Progesterone protocols
• Progesterone protocols include two forms
included:
1. Melengesterol acetate(MGA)
2. CIDR 3. Sponges (small ruminants)